*Kazakhstan, Communications
Railroads:
14,460 km (all 1.520-meter gauge); does not include industrial lines (1990)
Highways:
189,000 km total; 108,100 km hard surfaced (paved or gravel), 80,900 km
earth (1990)
Inland waterways:
Syr Darya
Pipelines:
crude oil 2,850 km, refined products 1,500 km, natural gas 3,480 km (1992)
Ports:
inland - Atyrau (Guryev; on Caspian Sea)
Airports:
total:
365
useable:
152
with permanent-surface runways:
49
with runways over 3,659 m:
8
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
38
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
71
Telecommunications:
telephone service is poor, with only about 6 telephones for each 100
persons; of the approximately 1 million telephones, Almaty (Alma-Ata) has
184,000; international traffic with other former USSR republics and China
carried by landline and microwave, and with other countries by satellite and
through 8 international telecommunications circuits at the Moscow
international gateway switch; satellite earth stations - INTELSAT and Orbita
(TV receive only); new satellite ground station established at Almaty with
Turkish financial help (December 1992) with 2500 channel band width
*Kazakhstan, Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Navy, National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops)
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 4,349,509; fit for military service 3,499,718; reach
military age (18) annually 154,727 (1993 est.)
Defense expenditures:
69,326 million rubles, NA% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note - conversion of
the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could
produce misleading results
*Kenya, Geography
Location:
Eastern Africa, bordering the northwestern India Ocean between Tanzania and
Somalia
Map references:
Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
582,650 km2
land area:
569,250 km2
comparative area:
slightly more than twice the size of Nevada
Land boundaries:
total 3,446 km, Ethiopia 830 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769
km, Uganda 933 km
Coastline:
536 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international
boundary; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis
Climate:
varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
Terrain:
low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile
plateau in west
Natural resources:
gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barytes, rubies, fluorspar, garnets,
wildlife
Land use:
arable land:
3% permanent crops:
1%
meadows and pastures:
7%
forest and woodland:
4%
other:
85%
Irrigated land:
520 km2 (1989)
Environment:
unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and
economic value; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; glaciers on
Mt. Kenya
Note:
the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural
production regions in Africa
*Kenya, People
Population:
27,372,266 (July 1993 est.)
Population growth rate:
3.18% (1993 est.)
Birth rate:
43.18 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Death rate:
11.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
74.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
54.07 years
male:
52.27 years
female:
55.92 years (1993 est.)
Total fertility rate:
6.06 children born/woman (1993 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Kenyan(s)
adjective:
Kenyan
Ethnic divisions:
Kikuyu 21%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 11%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%,
Asian, European, and Arab 1%
Religions:
Roman Catholic 28%, Protestant (including Anglican) 26%, indigenous beliefs
18%, Muslim 6%
Languages:
English (official), Swahili (official), numerous indigenous languages
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990)
total population:
69%
male:
80%
female:
58%
Labor force:
9.2 million (includes unemployed); the total employed is 1,370,000 (14.8% of
the labor force)
by occupation:
services 54.8%, industry 26.2%, agriculture 19.0% (1989)
*Kenya, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Kenya
conventional short form:
Kenya
former:
British East Africa
Digraph:
KE
Type:
republic
Capital:
Nairobi
Administrative divisions:
8 provinces; Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift
Valley, Western
Independence:
12 December 1963 (from UK)
Constitution:
12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979,
1983, 1986, 1988, 1991, and 1992
Legal system:
based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in
High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations;
constitutional amendment of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party state
repealed in 1991
National holiday:
Independence Day, 12 December (1963)
Political parties and leaders:
ruling party is Kenya African National Union (KANU), Daniel T. arap MOI,
president; opposition parties include Forum for the Restoration of Democracy
(FORD-Kenya), Oginga ODINGA; FORD-Asili, Kenneth MATIBA; Democratic Party of
Kenya (DP), Mwai KIBAKI; Kenya National Congress (KNC), Titus MBATHI; Kenya
Social Congress (KSC), George ANYONA; Kenya National Democratic Alliance
(KENYA), Mukara NG'ANG'A; Party for Independent Candidates of Kenya (PKK),
Otieno OTOERA
Other political or pressure groups:
labor unions; exile opposition - Mwakenya and other groups
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Elections:
President:
last held on 29 December 1992; results - President Daniel T. arap MOI was
reelected with 37% of the vote; Kenneth Matiba (FORD-ASILI) 26%; Mwai Kibaki
(SP) 19%, Oginga Odinga (FORD-Kenya) 17%
National Assembly:
last held on 29 December 1992; results - (188 total) KANU 100, FORD-Kenya
31, FORD-Asili 31, DP 23, smaller parties 3; president nominates 12
additional members
note:
first multiparty election since repeal of one-party state law
Executive branch:
president, vice president, Cabinet
Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly (Bunge)
Judicial branch:
Court of Appeal, High Court