Highways:
2,800 km total; 2,200 km paved, 600 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized
earth
Ports:
Pointe des Galets
Airports:
total:
2
usable:
2
with permanent-surface runways:
2
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runway 2,440-3,659 m:
1
with runway 1,220-2,439 m:
1
Telecommunications:
adequate system; modern open-wire and microwave network; principal center
Saint-Denis; radiocommunication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new
microwave route to Mauritius; 85,900 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM,
13 FM, 1 (18 repeaters) TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
*Reunion, Defense Forces
Branches:
French Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie)
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 167,925; fit for military service 86,764; reach military age
(18) annually 5,975 (1993 est.)
Note:
defense is the responsibility of France
*Romania, Geography
Location:
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea between Bulgaria and the
Ukraine
Map references:
Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
237,500 km2
land area:
230,340 km2
comparative area:
slightly smaller than Oregon
Land boundaries:
total 2,508 km, Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia and
Montenegro 476 km (all with Serbia), Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (south)
169 km
Coastline:
225 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
24 nm
continental shelf:
200 m depth or to depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers
with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Terrain:
central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of Moldavia on the
east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on
the south by the Transylvanian Alps
Natural resources:
petroleum (reserves being exhausted), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore,
salt
Land use:
arable land:
43%
permanent crops: 3%
meadows and pastures:
19%
forest and woodland:
28%
other:
7%
Irrigated land:
34,500 km2 (1989 est.)
Environment:
frequent earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure
and climate promote landslides; air pollution in south
Note:
controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova,
and Ukraine
*Romania, People
Population:
23,172,362 (July 1993 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.02% (1993 est.)
Birth rate:
13.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Death rate:
10.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Net migration rate:
-3.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
21.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
71.25 years
male:
68.32 years
female:
74.34 years (1993 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Romanian(s)
adjective:
Romanian
Ethnic divisions:
Romanian 89.1%, Hungarian 8.9%, German 0.4%, Ukrainian, Serb, Croat,
Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6%
Religions:
Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6% (of which 3% are Uniate),
Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 18%
Languages:
Romanian, Hungarian, German
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1978)
total population:
98%
male:
NA%
female:
NA%
Labor force:
10,945,700
by occupation:
industry 38%, agriculture 28%, other 34% (1989)
*Romania, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
none
conventional short form:
Romania
local long form:
none
local short form:
Romania
Digraph:
RO
Type:
republic
Capital:
Bucharest
Administrative divisions:
40 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu);, Alba, Arad, Arges,
Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov,
Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna,, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati,
Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi,
Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu,
Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea
Independence:
1881 (from Turkey; republic proclaimed 30 December 1947)
Constitution:
8 December 1991
Legal system:
former mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory that
increasingly reflected Romanian traditions is being revised
National holiday:
National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990)
Political parties and leaders:
National Salvation Front (FSN), Petre ROMAN; Democratic National Salvation
Front (DNSF), Oliviu GHERMAN; Magyar Democratic Union (UDMR), Geza DOMOKOS;
National Liberal Party (PNL), Mircea IONESCU-QUINTUS; National Peasants'
Christian and Democratic Party (PNTCD), Corneliu COPOSU; Romanian National
Unity Party (PUNR), Gheorghe FUNAR; Socialist Labor Party (PSM), Ilie
VERDET; Agrarian Democratic Party of Romania (PDAR), Victor SURDU; The
Democratic Convention (CDR), Emil CONSTANTINESCU; Romania Mare Party (PRM),
Corneliu Vadim TUDOR
note: there are dozens of smaller parties; although the Communist Party has ceased
to exist, small proto-Communist parties, notably the Socialist Labor Party,
have been formed
Other political or pressure groups:
various human right and professional associations
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Elections:
President:
last held 27 September 1992 - with runoff between top two candidates on 11
October 1992 (next to be held NA 1998); results - Ion ILIESCU 61.4%, Emil
CONSTANTINESCU 38.6%
Senate:
last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held NA 1998); results - DFSN 27.5%,
CDR 22.5%, FSN 11%, others 39%; seats - (143 total) DFSN 49, CDR 34, FSN 18,
PUNR 14, UDMR 12, PRM 6, PDAR 5, PSM 5
*Romania, Government