The 1993 CIA World Factbook

by United States. Central Intelligence Agency

Location:
Europe/North Asia, between Europe and the North Pacific Ocean
Map references:
Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States,
Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Standard Time Zones of
the World
Area:
total area: 17,075,200 km2
land area:
16,995,800 km2
comparative area:
slightly more than 1.8 times the size of the US
Land boundaries:
total 20,139 km, Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605
km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km,
Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km, Lithuania
(Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 167 km, Poland
(Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 km
Coastline:
37,653 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf:
200 m depth or to depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
inherited disputes from former USSR including: sections of the boundary with
China; boundary with Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and
Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group occupied by the Soviet Union
in 1945, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with Norway over portion of the
Barents Sea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved
the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation
Climate:
ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of
European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north;
winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers
vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
Terrain:
broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra
in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions
Natural resources:
wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas,
coal, and many strategic minerals, timber
note:
formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation
of natural resources
Land use:
arable land:
NA%
permanent crops:
NA%
meadows and pastures:
NA%
forest and woodland:
NA%

*Russia, Geography

other: NA%
note:
agricultural land accounts for 13% of the total land area
Irrigated land:
61,590 km2 (1990)
Environment:
despite its size, only a small percentage of land is arable and much is too
far north for cultivation; permafrost over much of Siberia is a major
impediment to development; catastrophic pollution of land, air, water,
including both inland waterways and sea coasts
Note:
largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in
relation to major sea lanes of the world

*Russia, People

Population:
149,300,359 (July 1993 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.21% (1993 est.)
Birth rate:
12.73 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Death rate:
11.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Net migration rate:
0.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
27.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
68.69 years
male:
63.59 years
female:
74.04 years (1993 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Russian(s)
adjective:
Russian
Ethnic divisions:
Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%, Bashkir 0.9%,
Belarusian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1%
Religions:
Russian Orthodox, Muslim, other
Languages:
Russian, other
Literacy:
age 9-49 can read and write (1970)
total population:
100%
male: 100%
female:
100%
Labor force:
75 million (1993 est.)
by occupation:
production and economic services 83.9%, government 16.1%

*Russia, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Russian Federation
conventional short form:
Russia
local long form:
Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
local short form:
Rossiya
former:
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Digraph:
RS
Type:
federation
Capital:
Moscow
Administrative divisions:
21 autonomous republics (avtomnykh respublik, singular - avtomnaya
respublika); Adygea (Maykop), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatia (Ulan-Ude),
Chechenia, Chuvashia (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Gorno-Altay
(Gorno-Altaysk), Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria (Nal'chik), Kalmykia
(Elista), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk), Karelia (Petrozavodsk), Khakassia
(Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mari El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordvinia (Saransk),
North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz; formerly Ordzhonikidze), Tatarstan (Kazan'),
Tuva (Kyzyl), Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Yakutia (Yakutsk); 49 oblasts (oblastey,
singular - oblast'); Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan',
Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad,
Kaluga, Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma,
Kurgan, Kursk, St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow,
Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod (formerly Gor'kiy), Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk,
Orel, Orenburg, Penza, Perm', Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin
(Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara (formerly Kuybyshev), Saratov, Smolensk,
Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver' (formerly Kalinin),
Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl'; 6
krays (krayev, singular - kray); Altay (Barnaul), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar,
Krasnoyarsk, Primorskiy (Vladivostok), Stavropol'
note:
the autonomous republics of Chechenia and Ingushetia were formerly the
automous republic of Checheno-Ingushetia (the boundary between Chechenia and
Ingushetia has yet to be determined); the cities of Moscow and St.
Petersburg have oblast status; an administrative division has the same name
as its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name
following in parentheses); 4 more administrative divisions may be added
Independence:
24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)
Constitution:
adopted in 1978; a new constitution is in the process of being drafted
Legal system:
based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; does not
accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday:
Independence Day, June 12

*Russia, Government

Political parties and leaders:
proreformers:
Christian Democratic Party, Aleksandr CHUYEV; Christian Democratic Union of
Russia, Aleksandr OGORODNIKOV; Democratic Russia Movement, pro-government
faction, Lev PONOMAREV, Gleb YAKUNIN, Vladimir BOKSER; Democratic Russia
Movement, radical-liberal faction, Yuriy AFANAS'YEV, Marina SAL'YE; Economic
Freedom Party, Konstantin BOROVOY, Svyatoslav FEDOROV; Free Labor Party,
Igor' KOROVIKOV; Party of Constitutional Democrats, Viktor ZOLOTAREV;
Republican Party of Russia, Vladimir LYSENKO, Vyacheslav SHOSTAKOVSKIY;
Russian Democratic Reform Movement, Gavriil POPOV; Social Democratic Party,
Boris ORLOV; Social Liberal Party, Vladimir FILIN
moderate reformers:
All-Russian Renewal Union (member Civic Union), Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, Aleksandr
VLADISLAVLEV; Democratic Party of Russia (member Civic Union), Nikolay
TRAVKIN, Valeriy KHOMYAKOV; People's Party of Free Russia (member Civic
Union), Aleksandr RUTSKOY, Vasiliy LIPITSKIY; Russian Union of
Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, Aleksandr VLADISLAVLEV
antireformers:
Communists and neo-Communists have 7 parties - All-Union Communist Party of
Bolsheviks, Nina ANDREYEVA; Labor Party, Boris KAGARLITSKIY; Russian
Communist Worker's Party, Viktor ANPILOV, Gen. Albert MAKASHOV; Russian
Party of Communists, Anatoliy KRYUCHKOV; Socialist Party of Working People,
Roy MEDVEDEV; Union of Communists, Aleksey PRIGARIN; Working Russia
Movement, Viktor ANPILOV; National Patriots have 6 parties - Constitutional
Democratic Party, Mikhail ASTAF'YEV; Council of People and Patriotic Forces
of Russia, Gennadiy ZYUGANOV; National Salvation Front, Mikhail ASTAF'YEV,
Sergey BABURIN, Vladimir ISAKOV, Il'ya KONSTANTINOV, Aleksandr STERLIGOV;
Russian Christian Democratic Movement, Viktor AKSYUCHITS; Russian National
Assembly, Aleksandr STERLIGOV; Russian National Union, Sergey BABURIN,
Nikolay PAVLOV; extremists have 5 parties - Liberal Democratic Party,
Vladimir ZHIRNOVKSKIY; Nashi Movement, Viktor ALKSNIS; National Republican
Party of Russia, Nikolay LYSENKO; Russian Party, Viktor KORCHAGIN; Russian
National Patriotic Front (Pamyat), Dmitriy VASIL'YEV
Other political or pressure groups:
Civic Union, Aleksandr RUTSKOY, Nikolay TRAVKIN, Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, chairmen
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Elections:
President:
last held 12 June 1991 (next to be held 1996); results - percent of vote by
party NA%
Congress of People's Deputies: last held March 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of
vote by
party NA%; seats - (1,063 total) number of seats by party NA; election held
before parties were formed
Supreme Soviet:
last held May 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of vote by
party NA%; seats - (252 total) number of seats by party NA; elected from
Congress of People's Deputies
Executive branch:
president, vice president, Security Council, Presidential Administration,
Council of Ministers, Group of Assistants, Council of Heads of Republics
Legislative branch:
unicameral Congress of People's Deputies, bicameral Supreme Soviet
Judicial branch:
Constitutional Court, Supreme Court

*Russia, Government