*Russia, Communications
Telecommunications:
NMT-450 analog cellular telephone networks are opertional in Moscow and St.
Petersburg; expanding access to international E-mail service via Sprint
networks; the inadequacy of Russian telecommunications is a severe handicap
to the economy, especially with respect to international connections; total
installed telephones 24,400,000, of which in urban areas 20,900,000 and in
rural areas 3,500,000; of these, total installed in homes 15,400,000; total
pay phones for long distant calls 34,100; telephone density is about 164
telephones per 1,000 persons; international traffic is handled by an
inadequate system of satellites, land lines, microwave radio relay and
outdated submarine cables; this traffic passes through the international
gateway switch in Moscow which carries most of the international traffic for
the other countries of the Confederation of Independent States; a new
Russian Raduga satellite will soon link Moscow and St. Petersburg with Rome
from whence calls will be relayed to destinations in Europe and overseas;
satellite ground stations - INTELSAT, Intersputnik, Eutelsat (Moscow),
INMARSAT, Orbita; broadcast stations - 1,050 AM/FM/SW (reach 98.6% of
population), 7,183 TV; receiving sets - 54,200,000 TV, 48,800,000 radio
receivers; intercity fiberoptic cables installation remains limited
*Russia, Defense Forces
Branches:
Ground Forces, Navy, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces, Strategic Rocket
Forces, Command and General Support, Security Forces
note:
strategic nuclear units and warning facilities are under joint CIS control;
Russian defense forces will be comprised of those ground-, air-, and
sea-based conventional assets currently on Russian soil and those still
scheduled to be withdrawn from other countries
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 37,092,361; fit for military service 29,253,668; reach
military age (18) annually 1,082,115 (1993 est.)
Defense expenditures:
$NA, NA% of GDP
*Rwanda, Geography
Location:
Central Africa, between Tanzania and Zaire
Map references:
Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
26,340 km2
land area:
24,950 km2
comparative area:
slightly smaller than Maryland
Land boundaries:
total 893 km, Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none; landlocked
International disputes:
none
Climate:
temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild
in mountains with frost and snow possible
Terrain:
mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west
Natural resources:
gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas,
hydropower
Land use:
arable land:
29%
permanent crops: 11%
meadows and pastures:
18%
forest and woodland:
10%
other:
32%
Irrigated land:
40 km2 (1989 est.)
Environment:
deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; periodic droughts
Note:
landlocked
*Rwanda, People
Population:
8,139,272 (July 1993 est.)
Population growth rate:
2.9% (1993 est.)
Birth rate:
49.92 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Death rate:
20.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
119.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
41.23 years
male:
40.2 years
female:
42.28 years (1993 est.)
Total fertility rate:
8.27 children born/woman (1993 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Rwandan(s)
adjective:
Rwandan
Ethnic divisions:
Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%
Religions:
Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and other
25%
Languages:
Kinyarwanda (official), French (official), Kiswahili used in commercial
centers
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990)
total population:
50% male:
64%
female:
37%
Labor force:
3.6 million
by occupation:
agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry and commerce 2%
note:
49% of population of working age (1985)
*Rwanda, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Rwanda
conventional short form:
Rwanda
local long form:
Republika y'u Rwanda
local short form:
Rwanda
Digraph:
RW
Type:
republic; presidential system
note:
a new, all-party transitional government is to assume office later this
year, replacing the current MRND-dominated coalition
Capital:
Kigali
Administrative divisions:
10 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture in French; plural - NA,
singular - prefegitura in Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro,
Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali, Ruhengeri
Independence:
1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)
Constitution:
18 June 1991
Legal system:
based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday:
Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
Political parties and leaders:
Republican National Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND), President
HABYARIMANA's political movement, remains the dominant party; significant
independent parties include: Democratic Republican Movement (MDR), Faustin
TWAGIRAMUNGU; Liberal Party (PL), Justin MUGENZI; Democratic and Socialist
Party (PSD), Frederic NZAMURAMBAHO; Coalition for the Defense of the
Republic (CDR), Martin BUCYANA; Party for Democracy in Rwanda (PADER), Jean
NTAGUNGIRA; Christian Democratic Party (PDL), Nayinzira NEPOMUSCENE
note: formerly a one-party state, Rwanda legalized independent parties in
mid-1991; since then, at least 10 new political parties have registered
Other political or pressure groups:
since October 1990, Rwanda has been involved in a low-intensity conflict
with the Rwandan Patriotic Front/Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPF/RPA)
Suffrage:
universal adult at age NA
Elections:
President:
last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results -
President Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelected
National Development Council:
last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results -
MRND was the only party; seats - (70 total) MRND 70
Executive branch:
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
Legislative branch:
unicameral National Development Council (Conseil National de Developpement)