*Thailand, Communications
Railroads:
3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double track
Highways:
77,697 km total; 35,855 km paved (including 88 km expressways), 14,092 km
gravel or other stabilization, 27,750 km mostly dirt and other (1988)
Inland waterways:
3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or
more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by
shallow-draft native craft
Pipelines:
natural gas 350 km, petroleum products 67 km
Ports:
Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha
Merchant marine:
169 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 752,055 GRT/1,166,136 DWT; includes 1
short-sea passenger, 91 cargo, 12 container, 40 oil tanker, 9 liquefied gas,
2 chemical tanker, 5 bulk, 6 refrigerated cargo, 2 combination bulk, 1
passenger
Airports:
total:
106
usable:
95
with permanent-surface runways:
51
with runways over 3,659 m:
1
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
14
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
28
Telecommunications:
service to general public inadequate; bulk of service to government
activities provided by multichannel cable and microwave radio relay network;
739,500 telephones (1987); broadcast stations - over 200 AM, 100 FM, and 11
TV in government-controlled networks; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian
Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT; domestic satellite system being
developed
*Thailand, Defense Forces
Branches:
Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (including Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal
Thai Air Force, Paramilitary Forces
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 16,685,044; fit for military service 10,148,786; reach
military age (18) annually 616,042 (1993 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $2.6 billion, about 2% of GNP (FY92/93 est.)
*Togo, Geography
Location:
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean beween Benin and Ghana
Map references:
Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
56,790 km2
land area:
54,390 km2
comparative area:
slightly smaller than West Virginia
Land boundaries:
total 1,647 km, Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana 877 km
Coastline:
56 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
30 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Terrain:
gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low
coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
Natural resources:
phosphates, limestone, marble
Land use:
arable land:
25%
permanent crops:
1%
meadows and pastures:
4%
forest and woodland:
28%
other:
42%
Irrigated land:
70 km2 (1989 est.)
Environment:
hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; recent
droughts affecting agriculture; deforestation
*Togo, People
Population:
4,104,657 (July 1993 est.)
Population growth rate:
3.61% (1993 est.)
Birth rate:
47.87 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Death rate:
11.8 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
91.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
56.46 years
male:
54.45 years female:
58.53 years (1993 est.)
Total fertility rate:
6.96 children born/woman (1993 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Togolese (singular and plural)
adjective:
Togolese
Ethnic divisions:
37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye, European and
Syrian-Lebanese under 1%
Religions:
indigenous beliefs 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10%
Languages:
French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe (one of the two major
African languages in the south), Mina (one of the two major African
languages in the south), Dagomba (one of the two major African languages in
the north), Kabye (one of the two major African languages in the north)
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990)
total population:
43%
male:
56%
female:
31%
Labor force:
NA
by occupation:
agriculture 78%, industry 22%
note:
about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided between public and private
sectors; 50% of population of working age (1985)
*Togo, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Togo
conventional short form:
Togo
local long form:
Republique Togolaise
local short form:
none
former:
French Togo
Digraph:
TO
Type:
republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule
Capital:
Lome
Administrative divisions:
21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular - circonscription); Amlame
(Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar
(Bassari), Dapango (Tone), Kande (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Pagouda (Binah),
Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse
(Haho), Pagouda, Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Nyala, Tchaoudjo,
Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo)
note:
the 21 units may now be called prefectures (prefectures, singular -
prefecture) and reported name changes for individual units are included in
parentheses
Independence:
27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration)
Constitution:
1980 constitution nullified during national reform conference; transition
constitution adopted 24 August 1991; multiparty draft constitution sent to
High Council of the Republic for approval in November 1991; adopted by
public referendum September 1992
Legal system:
French-based court system
National holiday:
Independence Day, 27 April (1960)
Political parties and leaders:
Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was the only
party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991;
transition regime in place since August 1991
Suffrage:
universal adult at age NA
Elections:
President:
last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held 1993); results - Gen. EYADEMA
was reelected without opposition
National Assembly:
last held 4 March 1990; dissolved during national reform conference (next to
be held 1993); results - RPT was the only party; seats - (77 total) RPT 77;
interim legislative High Council of the Republic (HCR) in place since August
1991
Executive branch:
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)