Header
Note:
Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint
independent state, but this entity has not been formally recognized as
a state by the US; the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor
republics represents its continuation
@Serbia and Montenegro, Geography
Location:
Balkan State, Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria
Map references:
Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the
World
Area:
total area:
102,350 sq km
land area:
102,136 sq km
comparative area:
slightly larger than Kentucky
note:
Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 sq km making it
slightly larger than Maine; Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 sq
km and a land area of 13,724 sq km making it slightly larger than
Connecticut
Land boundaries:
total 2,246 km, Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia; 173 km with
Motenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km
with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia
(south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km
note:
the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km
Coastline:
199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)
Maritime claims:
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro and southeastern Serbia -
Muslims seeking autonomy; disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina and
Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian majority in Kosovo
seeks independence from Serbian Republic
Climate:
in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers
with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and
Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast,
hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy
snowfall inland
Terrain:
extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east,
limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and
hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off
the coast; home of largest lake in former Yugoslavia, Lake Scutari
Natural resources:
oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite,
chrome
Land use:
arable land:
30%
permanent crops:
5%
meadows and pastures:
20%
forest and woodland:
25%
other:
20%
Irrigated land:
NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
coastal water pollution from sewage outlets, especially in
tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and
other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped
into the Sava which flows into the Danube
natural hazards:
subject to destructive earthquakes
international agreements:
NA
Note:
controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey
and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast
@Serbia and Montenegro, People
Population: total: 10,759,897 (July 1994 est.) Montenegro: 666,583 (July 1994 est.) Serbia: 10,093,314 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: Montenegro: 0.79% (1994 est.) Serbia: 0.54% (1994 est.) Birth rate: Montenegro: 13.72 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Serbia: 14.35 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: Montenegro: 5.84 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Serbia: 8.94 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: Montenegro: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Serbia: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: Montenegro: 10.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Serbia: 21.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: Montenegro: *** No data for this item *** total population: 79.44 years male: 76.57 years female: 82.5 years (1994 est.) Serbia: *** No data for this item *** total population: 73.39 years male: 70.9 years female: 76.07 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: Montenegro: 1.74 children born/woman (1994 est.) Serbia: 2.06 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s) adjective: Serbian and Montenegrin Ethnic divisions: Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%, other 13% Religions: Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11% Languages: Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5% Literacy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA% Labor force: 2,640,909 by occupation: industry, mining 40%, agriculture 5% (1990)
@Serbia and Montenegro, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
none
conventional short form:
Serbia and Montenegro
local long form:
none
local short form:
Srbija-Crna Gora
Digraph:
Serbia:
SR
Montenegro:
MW
Type:
republic
Capital:
Belgrade
Administrative divisions:
2 republics (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 autonomous
provinces*; Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*
Independence:
11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formed as
self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia - SFRY)
National holiday:
NA
Constitution:
27 April 1992
Legal system:
based on civil law system
Suffrage:
16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993); note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is
president of Serbia (since 9 December 1990); Momir BULATOVIC is
president of Montenegro (since 23 December 1990); Federal Assembly
elected Zoran LILIC on 25 June 1993
head of government:
Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since 29 December 1992); Deputy Prime
Ministers Jovan ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Asim TELACEVIC (since NA
March 1993), Zeljko SIMIC (since NA 1993)
cabinet:
Federal Executive Council
Legislative branch:
bicameral Federal Assembly
Chamber of Republics:
elections last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results -
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total; 20 Serbian, 20
Montenegrin)
Chamber of Citizens:
elections last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results -
percent of votes by party NA; seats (138 total; 108 Serbian, 30
Montenegrin) - SPS 73, SRS 33, DPSCG 23, SK-PJ 2, DZVM 2, independents
2, vacant 3
Judicial branch:
Savezni Sud (Federal Court), Constitutional Court
Political parties and leaders:
Serbian Socialist Party (SPS; former Communist Party), Slobodan
MILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party (SRS), Vojislav SESELJ; Serbian
Renewal Movement (SPO), Vuk DRASKOVIC, president; Democratic Party
(DS), Zoran DJINDJIC; Democratic Party of Serbia, Vojlslav KOSTUNICA;
Democratic Party of Socialists (DPSCG), Momir BULATOVIC, president;
People's Party of Montenegro (NS), Novak KILIBARDA; Liberal Alliance
of Montenegro, Slavko PEROVIC; Democratic Community of Vojvodina
Hungarians (DZVM), Agoston ANDRAS; League of Communists-Movement for
Yugoslavia (SK-PJ), Dragan ATANASOVSKI; Democratic Alliance of Kosovo
(LDK), Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA, president
Other political or pressure groups:
Serbian Democratic Movement (DEPOS; coalition of opposition parties)
Diplomatic representation in US:
US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic
relations; the Embassy of the former Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia continues to function in the US
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
(vacant); Charge d'Affaires Rudolf V. PERINA
embassy:
address NA, Belgrade
mailing address:
American Embassy Box 5070, Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5070
telephone:
[38] (11) 645-655
FAX:
[38] (1) 645-221
Flag:
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red
@Serbia and Montenegro, Economy
Overview: The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation has been followed by bloody ethnic warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. Serbia and Montenegro faces major economic problems; output has dropped sharply, particularly in 1993. First, like the other former Yugoslav republics, it depended on its sister republics for large amounts of foodstuffs, energy supplies, and manufactures. Wide varieties in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology among the republics accentuate this interdependence, as did the communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of a communist government that is primarily interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform. A further complication is the imposition of economic sanctions by the UN. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $10 billion (1993 est.) National product real growth rate: NA% National product per capita: $1,000 (1993 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): hyperinflation (1993) Unemployment rate: more than 60% (1993 est.) Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports: $4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: machinery and transport equipment 29%, manufactured goods 28.5%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 13.5%, chemicals 11%, food and live animals 9%, raw materials 6%, fuels and lubricants 2%, beverages and tobacco 1% partners: prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council trade partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; Italy, Germany, other EC, the FSU countries, East European countries, US Imports: $6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: machinery and transport equipment 26%, fuels and lubricants 18%, manufactured goods 16%, chemicals 12.5%, food and live animals 11%, miscellaneous manufactured items 8%, raw materials, including coking coal for the steel industry 7%, beverages, tobacco, and edible oils 1.5% partners: prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council the trade partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; the FSU countries, EC countries (mainly Italy and Germany), East European countries, US External debt: $4.2 billion (1993 est.) Industrial production: growth rate -42% (1993 est.) Electricity: capacity: 8,850,000 kW production: 42 billion kWh consumption per capita: 3,950 kWh (1992) Industries: machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals Agriculture: the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production of the former Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and chicory; Vojvodina also produces fodder crops to support intensive beef and dairy production; Serbia proper, although hilly, has a well-distributed rainfall and a long growing season; produces fruit, grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestock production (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo produces fruits, vegetables, tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the mountainous pastures of Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat husbandry; Montenegro has only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the coast where a Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus, grapes, and rice Illicit drugs: NA Economic aid: $NA Currency: 1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras Exchange rates: Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 1,100,000 (15 June 1993), 28.230 (December 1991), 15.162 (1990), 15.528 (1989), 0.701 (1988), 0.176 (1987) Fiscal year: calendar year
@Serbia and Montenegro, Communications