External debt: $2.5 billion (of which $1.3 billion to Russia)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $10 million (1993)
note: commitments, 1992-95, $4,780 million ($1,795 million
disbursements)
Currency: national currency, the tenge, introduced on 15 November
1993
Exchange rates: tenges per US$1 - 64 (yearend 1995), 54 (yearend
1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation ———————
Railways:
total: 13,841 km in common carrier service; does not include
industrial lines
broad gauge: 13,841 km 1.520-m gauge (3,299 km electrified) (1992)
Highways:
total: 87,873 km public roads
paved: 82,568 km
unpaved: 5,305 km (1994)
Waterways: 4,002 km on the Syrdariya River and Ertis River
Pipelines: crude oil 2,850 km; refined products 1,500 km; natural
gas 3,480 km (1992)