Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 17,352,876 (1997 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service: males: 10,553,157 (1997 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 649,336 (1997 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $4.3 billion (1996); note - figures do not include about $7 billion for the government's counterinsurgency effort
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 3.5% (1996)
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: complex maritime, air and territorial disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Greece; Hatay question with Syria; dispute with downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; traditional demands on former Armenian lands in Turkey have subsided
Illicit drugs: major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish to Western Europe and the US via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin are in remote regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate ______________________________________________________________________
TURKMENISTAN
@Turkmenistan:Geography