Military branches: Land Forces, Navy (includes Naval Air and
Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie
Military manpower—military age: 20 years of age
Military manpower—availability:
males age 15-49: 18,168,658 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 11,024,173 (1999 est.)
Military manpower—reaching military age annually:
males: 659,338 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $6.737 billion (1997)
Military expenditures—percent of GDP: 4.3% (1997)
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international: complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Greece; dispute with downstream riparian states (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; traditional demands on former Armenian lands in Turkey have subsided
Illicit drugs: major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish to Western Europe and—to a far lesser extent the US—via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin are in remote regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate