Environment - current issues: contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water-logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: landlocked
@Turkmenistan:People
Population: 4,518,268 (July 2000 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 38% (male 887,088; female 850,384) 15-64 years: 58% (male 1,277,176; female 1,321,465) 65 years and over: 4% (male 69,383; female 112,772) (2000 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.87% (2000 est.)
Birth rate: 28.88 births/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Death rate: 9.04 deaths/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2000 est.)