Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 1,064,965 females age 16-49: 1,136,553 (2008 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 57,615 female: 55,426 (2008 est.)
Military expenditures:
3.4% of GDP (2005 est.)
Transnational Issues
Turkmenistan
Disputes - international:
cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005, but Caspian seabed delimitation remains stalled with Azerbaijan, Iran, and Kazakhstan due to Turkmenistan's indecision over how to allocate the sea's waters and seabed
Refugees and internally displaced persons: