males age 16-49: 5,684,540 females age 16-49: 6,432,976 (2008 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 324,094 female: 323,923 (2008 est.)
Military expenditures:
2% of GDP (2005 est.)
Transnational Issues
Uzbekistan
Disputes - international:
prolonged drought and cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2004; border delimitation of 130 km of border with Kyrgyzstan is hampered by serious disputes around enclaves and other areas
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 39,202 (Tajikistan); 1,060 (Afghanistan) IDPs: 3,400 (forced population transfers by government from villages near Tajikistan border) (2007)