Mr. Bayard said, the words of the constitution were, "within every term of ten years;" so that a greater period than ten years could not be suffered to pass without taking a census, but it might be taken every year if it were necessary. He believed it would be very proper to have a new census taken before the tax was assessed, otherwise from the great increase in the population of some of the States, since the last census was taken, the tax would not be constitutionally collected, since it is directed to be laid according to the number of inhabitants.
Mr. Harper said, he should be glad to see a new census taken at an early period, so as to relieve the States from any inequality which might arise from the variation of population which has taken place since the last census; but he trusted it would not be thought necessary to do this before the proposed tax was assessed. The carrying a law of this kind into effect, let it be done in whatever way may be adopted, would be found a tedious business, and the amount to be produced by it, would have to be anticipated by loans; and if a new census was to be taken before the tax could be assessed, it could not be said, with any kind of certainty, when an effectual revenue was to be raised. He hoped, therefore, when so great an inconvenience would be incurred by delaying the tax until a new census was taken, that, though for one year some of the States would have to pay a little more than was justly their portion, they would consent to do so rather than subject the country to so great an inconvenience as would be experienced by such a delay.
Mr. J. Williams supposed, if the amendment obtained, the tax must be apportioned according to a new census; and, if so, he apprehended the resolution would be disagreed to. Though a new census might be taken within the ten years, he believed that term ought to be nearly expired before a census was renewed. It was true that some of the States are greatly increased in population; but it could not be supposed that States increased in riches in proportion to their increase of inhabitants, as the people who emigrate are mostly persons of little property, who settle upon the back lands. This being the case, he thought it was a wise provision of the constitution which directs that the census shall be taken only once in ten years. If these words were struck out, no tax ought to be laid until the time comes for taking the new census.
Mr. Bayard would not be in favor of striking out these words, if he thought it would prevent the collection of the tax; but it would be necessary, before the tax could be laid, that an assessment of lands, houses, and slaves, should be made, and he could not see why the number of inhabitants could not be ascertained at the same time.
Mr. R. Williams wished to know whether the new census proposed to be taken was to affect the representation as well as the tax?
Mr. Dayton answered in the affirmative. The return of the enumeration of the inhabitants, he said, might be made at the first meeting of the next Congress, by which means the number of Representatives to which each State will then be entitled might be ascertained in time for the succeeding election. If the order was not made at this session for taking a new census, the enumeration could not be returned before the last session of next Congress, which would be too late for the election of the following Congress.
Mr. Sitgreaves said, it would be better for the mover of this amendment, and others who wished to have this tax collected, to suffer the resolution to stand as at present, so that the tax might be immediately assessed by law, and provide at the same time for taking a new census, which no one would object to; and, if it could hereafter be shown that the new census could be taken without prolonging the collection of the tax, it might be done; if not, the tax must be laid according to the present census. The best way would be to strike out the resolution altogether, and then make a provision for taking a new census.
Mr. Dayton consented to vary his motion so as to meet the ideas of the gentleman last up, by adding after the word "that," in the first line, "until a new census shall be taken," and to the end of the resolution these words: "and that provision ought to be immediately made by law for taking a census of the inhabitants of the several States, agreeably to the constitution."
Mr. Gallatin believed this amendment consisted of two parts; he therefore called for a division of it. He should vote in favor of the first. The other part he thought perfectly a distinct subject, and not at present under consideration. If a new census was to be directed to be taken, he thought it ought to be done in a separate bill, and not entangled with this subject.
The question on the first part of the amendment was put and carried, without a division.