Mr. Gallatin thought it would be sufficient to have certain parts of the treaties, which he mentioned, read. Mr. Livingston consented; but Mr. Lyon persisted in the motion for reading the whole. On the question being taken, he only rose in favor of it. The parts of the treaties called for by Mr. G. were read.
Mr. Sewall said, some doubts might be entertained, perhaps, as to the propriety of this measure. It is certainly a novel doctrine to pass a law declaring a treaty void; but the necessity arose from the peculiar situation of this country. In most countries, it is in the power of the Chief Magistrate to suspend a treaty whenever he thinks proper; here Congress only has that power. We have, said he, during this session, in a variety of cases, suspended the treaties in question, by authorizing measures of hostility against France, contrary to the stipulations contained therein. He believed it would be proper, therefore, to set aside these treaties by legal authority. But he confessed to do this, in the manner proposed by the Senate, would, at least, be inconvenient. He could not conceive that the Senate meant to go so far as this bill goes. We ought not to say the treaties are void and of no effect. They must have effect as historical facts; they must have effect, in our appeal to the world, on the ground of their having been violated, and in our claim upon France on account of those violations. There are also other articles which must have effect in case of war. He alluded to the articles which respect the situation of French citizens in this country, or American citizens in France, after war shall have been declared by either power. Mr. S., therefore, proposed a new form of a bill, more simple and with a much shorter preface, viz: "that, whereas the treaties have been in numerous instances violated, they are no longer to be considered as law within the United States," &c. It also proposed that any claim or restraint, stipulated by the said treaties, shall be abrogated and annulled.
The Chairman said this motion was not in order, and could not be received.
Mr. Nicholas saw no difference between the substitute proposed and the original bill. The gentleman from Massachusetts wished to retain the provision relative to the residence of the citizens of either country, after the declaration of war shall have taken place; but could that gentleman for a moment suppose that he could annul one part of a treaty and preserve other parts? The idea appeared to him a very extraordinary one.
Mr. Rutledge hoped the committee would rise, and that the bill would be referred to a select committee. He believed it would be better to declare a part of the treaties void than the whole, which he thought might with propriety be done.
Mr. Nicholas had no objection to the committee's rising; but he could not believe we could take such parts of a treaty as we liked, and declare the rest void.
Mr. Dana believed that the gentleman from Virginia did not rightly apprehend what had been said by the gentleman from Massachusetts. Mr. D. admitted the impropriety of declaring void and of no effect a legal instrument which was originally valid. In his opinion, this impropriety might be avoided, and the object of the bill attained, by a different phraseology. He believed a proper mode of acting upon this business would be, to declare the stipulations of the French treaties no longer obligatory on the United States. This we may justly do, in consequence of their being disregarded by France.
As to the effect of such a declaration, he acknowledged that it must be regarded as abrogating all those articles of the treaties which are executory, such as stipulate for the future conduct of the parties. Agreeing thus far with the gentleman from Virginia, he would consent most cheerfully that all such articles should be set aside, as they respect both countries. But the declaration would not have any effect on articles which are executed, such as contain cessions or renunciations of territorial claims, and where a corresponding possession has taken place. The operation of these articles is completed, and cannot be reversed by the declaration now proposed.
Mr. D. then moved to amend the enacting clause, by expunging all the words after "That," and substituting "the United States are, of right, freed and exonerated from the stipulations of the treaties heretofore concluded between the United States and France, and that the same shall not henceforth be regarded as legally obligatory on the Government or citizens of the United States."
Mr. Otis approved of this motion, and, after a few observations by him in favor of it, the question was put and carried upon it without a division.