Western choke cherry (Prunus demissa).—Clustered flowers and fruit; alternate leaves, sharply pointed. Bark, leaves, and seed bitter. Fruit black. Tree, or more often a shrub, up to 15 feet in height.
Scrub oak (Quercus sp.).—Usually a shrub, rarely over 15 feet high. Alternate leaves, smaller at the base than at the ends, with deep lobes, frequently drying on the tree and remaining over winter. Fruit, a short pointed acorn. Forms dense thickets at lower elevations. Often valuable for fence posts.
Pacific serviceberry (Amelanchier florida).—Leaves silvery, sharply toothed above the middle and alternate on branches. Trees, or more often shrubs, 6 to 15 feet high. Flowers white and in clusters. Five hard seeds in each berry. Berries edible, nearly black, when ripe.
Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum).—Usually a shrub, but frequently 20 to 30 feet high. Paired opposite buds, 3 to 5 lobed leaves, dark reddish-brown bark, and paired, winged seed. Leaves 3 to 5 inches in diameter, opposite each other.
Boxelder (Acer negundo).—Compound leaves with 3 to 5, rarely 7, leaflets, pale-gray or light-brown bark, and paired, winged seeds, which ripen in the autumn. Compound leaves opposite each other.
Hawthorn (Crataegus sp.).—Usually a shrub; dark scaly bark; leaves simple and alternate; fruit small, fleshy, and in clusters. Armed with sharp spines.
Six Rules for Health Protection
1. PURIFICATION.—Mountain streams will not purify themselves in a few hundred feet. Boil or chlorinate all suspected water.
2. GARBAGE.—Burn or bury all garbage, papers, tin cans, and old clothes.
3. EXCRETIONS.—Bury a foot deep all human excretions, at least 200 feet from streams, lakes, or springs.