In several cases we also detected an osteitis, especially of the bodies of the vertebræ. One was of the cervical vertebræ and the other of the dorsal. The first died after intense suffering. An autopsy was not obtained. The other had a plaster cast applied as in Pott’s disease, and improved sufficiently to leave the hospital in comfort. One hesitates under the circumstances to attribute these bone lesions definitely to the same infecting micro-organism which was responsible for the epidemic of influenza, as it might easily have happened that a coincident quiescent tuberculous lesion was present and relighted during the epidemic. However, in one case from the service of Dr. J. O. Wallace the possibility of the bone lesions being due to the Pfeiffer bacillus was demonstrated. This was a child of 16 months with an epiphysitis of the upper end of the tibia. The inflamed area was incised and pus was found. A smear at the time showed the B. influenzæ, which was grown in pure culture.
A most interesting complication noted in a few of our cases was a transient glycosuria. The first case brought to our attention was a middle-aged female, who complained of failure of vision. Upon making an ophthalmoscopic examination a papillitis of a mild type was noticed. This led to a careful study of the urine, and sugar was found in a small amount for a short period of three days, although the glycosuria readily disappeared by cutting down the carbohydrate intake, the vision came back to normal more slowly. In fact, it was almost one month before the symptoms and signs of the retinal change had entirely disappeared. It is interesting in this connection to recall similar cases referred to in Allbutt’s System of Medicine, vol. vi, on influenza, following the epidemic of 1890 in England. Other transient glycosurias showed no visual changes. We do not consider these to be true cases of diabetes mellitus. In all a transient hyperglycæmia was also noted.
Pregnancy
A condition which can scarcely be considered as a complication of influenza, but which, however, was a large factor in increasing the mortality among women, was pregnancy. Among the cases included in this study were five pregnant women, who came to the hospital and were referred to the medical service. As soon as a complication relative to the existing pregnancy arose they were referred to the Obstetrical Department. On account of the great amount of work in caring for the influenzal patients, and on account of the scarcity of physicians and nurses, we were unable to follow these cases closely enough to give any such definite data as we wish. Three miscarried or went into premature labor. Happily only one of them died. The two which did not miscarry recovered and left the hospital well.
We very soon recognized in consultation with the obstetricians that the pregnant woman was in a really dangerous condition if she contracted influenza. She was likely to have a termination of her pregnancy in the height of the infection, no matter how recent or how remote pregnancy had taken place. If pregnancy did not terminate, the chances of recovery were less than those of the non-pregnant woman; if it did terminate, the chances for recovery were still less. To the pregnant woman with pneumonia very little hope of recovery could be offered. I am indebted to Dr. Paul Titus, of the Obstetrical Department of the School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, for a report which includes the cases seen by himself and his assistant, Dr. J. M. Jamison, during this epidemic. Dr. Titus was kind enough to include in his report certain conclusions which merit consideration. The report is as follows: “A series of 50 cases, at all stages of gestation. Interruption of pregnancy occurred in 21, or 42 per cent., of the cases; 29, or 58 per cent., in which pregnancy was uninterrupted. Mortality of pregnant women developing epidemic influenza is higher than that of ordinary individuals, even though their pregnancy is undisturbed, since 14 of the 29 in whom pregnancy was not interrupted died, an incidence of 482
10 per cent. If a pregnant woman miscarries or falls into labor, the mortality increases to 809
10 per cent. (17 of the 21 in whom pregnancy was interrupted died). The period of gestation has less influence on the outcome than the interruption itself. Of 10 at term, 3 lived and 7 died after delivery.
“Two main features of this condition as a complication of pregnancy are: First, pregnant women developing epidemic influenza are liable to an interruption of their pregnancy (42 per cent. aborted, miscarried or fell into labor); second, the prognosis, which is already grave on account of the existence of pregnancy, becomes more grave if interruption of pregnancy occurs.
“The cause of the frequency of interruption of pregnancy is probably a combination of factors: (1) The theory of Brown-Sequard that a lowering of the carbon-dioxid content of the blood causes strong uterine contractions sufficient to induce labor. (2) The toxæmia causes the death of the fœtus, particularly if not mature, when it acts as a foreign body and is extruded (10 premature fœtuses were born dead, while 1 was born alive, although 9 out of 10 at full term were born alive and survived).
“The cause of the frequency of death following interruption of pregnancy is also due in all probability to a combination of factors: (1) Shock incident to labor. (2) Increase from muscular labor of carbon-dioxid in blood already overloaded by the deficiency of the diseased respiratory organs. (3) Sudden lowering of intra-abdominal pressure by the delivery. (4) Lowering of blood pressure by the hemorrhage of the delivery. (5) Strain of labor on an already impaired myocardium.”
If one had been told a year ago that an epidemic could occur which would result in the death of 60 per cent. of all pregnant women affected, it would have been thought too unlikely to warrant any consideration. Though the effect upon pregnancy of the acute infectious diseases forms an important chapter in the pathology of pregnancy, it seems that the profession, and in this the obstetrician is no exception, has never realized how pernicious and tragic the results of an influenzal epidemic can be in a community. From the experience in previous epidemics we cannot but feel that the infection in the present epidemic was unusually fatal. Whitridge Williams (“Text-book of Obstetrics”) speaks of the interruption of pregnancy as having occurred in 6 out of 7 cases with one observer, and in 16 out of 21 in another, while a third has found it only twice in 41 cases. However, none of these writers speaks of having had a death.