“It is, my Lords, of the greatest importance, in my opinion, that this House should maintain in its full integrity the principle that a person is not liable in damages for an innocent misrepresentation, no matter in what way or under what form the attack is made. In the present case the statement was made in answer to an inquiry for information. There is nothing which can by any possibility be taken as evidence of an intention on the part of either or both of the parties that there should be a contractual liability in respect of the accuracy of the statement. It is a representation as to a specific thing and nothing more. The judge, therefore, ought not to have left the question of warranty to the jury, and if, as a matter of prudence, he did so in order to obtain their opinion in case of appeal he ought then to have entered judgment for the defendants notwithstanding the verdict.”
But compare Kirkpatrick v. Reeves, 121 Ind. 280; Mendenhall v. Stewart, 18 Ind. App. 262; McLeod v. Tutt, 2 Miss. 288; Searing v. Lum, 2 South, 683; Indianapolis R. Co. v. Tyng, 63 N. Y. 653; Cobb v. Fogalman, 1 Ired. 440; Mason v. Moore, 73 Ohio St. 275; Loper v. Robinson, 54 Tex. 510; Magill v. Coffmann, (Tex. Civ. App.) 129 S. W. 1146; Smith v. Columbus Buggy Co., 40 Utah, 580; Ogden Resort Co. v. Lewis, 41 Utah, 183; Cameron v. Mount, 86 Wis. 477; Palmer v. Goldberg, 128 Wis. 103; Knudson v. George, 157 Wis. 520.
As to whether an action ought not to be allowed for negligence in the use of language, see Smith, Liability for Negligent Language, 14 Harvard Law Rev. 184; Cunningham v. Pease, 74 N. H. 435; Conway National Bank v. Pease, 76 N. H. 319. The English Directors’ Liability Act (1890), 53 & 54 Vict. c. 64, makes directors and others who issue prospectuses liable in certain cases to compensate persons sustaining loss by reason of any untrue statement in the prospectus, unless it is proved that the persons issuing the prospectus had reasonable ground to believe and did believe that the prospectus was true. See also the statute of Oklahoma, Howe v. Martin, 23 Okl. 561, 567.
Liability for statement made recklessly not knowing whether true or not, see: Cooper v. Schlesinger, 111 U. S. 148; Hindman v. First National Bank, (C. C. A.) 112 Fed. 931; Mueller Furnace Co. v. Cascade Foundry Co., 145 Fed. 596; Einstein v. Marshall, 58 Ala. 153; McCoy v. Prince, 11 Ala. App. 388; Stimson v. Helps, 9 Col. 33; Scholfield Gear Co. v. Scholfield, 71 Conn. 1; Upchurch v. Mizell, 50 Fla. 456; Corbett v. Gilbert, 24 Ga. 454; Miller v. John, 208 Ill. 173; Snively v. Meixsell, 97 Ill. App. 365; West v. Wright, 98 Ind. 335; Graves v. Lebanon Bank, 10 Bush, 23; Stone v. Denny, 4 Met. 151; Fisher v. Mellen, 103 Mass. 503; Beebe v. Knapp, 28 Mich. 53; Stone v. Covell, 29 Mich. 359; Bullitt v. Farrar, 42 Minn. 8; Hamlin v. Abell, 120 Mo. 188; Chase v. Rusk, 90 Mo. App. 25; Ruddy v. Gunby, (Mo.) 180 S. W. 1043; Rowell v. Chase, 61 N. H. 135; Shackett v. Bickford, 74 N. H. 57; Zabriskie v. Smith, 13 N. Y. 322; Bennett v. Judson, 21 N. Y. 238; Taylor v. Commercial Bank, 174 N. Y. 181; Bell v. James, 128 App. Div. 241; Whitehurst v. Life Ins. Co., 149 N. C. 273; Cawston v. Sturgis, 29 Or. 331; Robertson v. Frey, 72 Or. 599; Thompson v. Chambers, 13 Pa. Super. Ct. 213; Mitchell v. Zimmerman, 4 Tex. 75; Katzenstein v. Reid, Murdock & Co., 41 Tex. Civ. App. 106; Benton v. Kuykendall, (Tex. Civ. App.) 160 S. W. 438; Wheeler v. Wheelock, 34 Vt. 553; Agnew v. Hackett, 80 Wash. 236; Cotzhausen v. Simon, 47 Wis. 103.
Compare Ray County Bank v. Hutton, 224 Mo. 42; Ramsey v. Wallace, 100 N. C. 75.
[342]. “The doctrine seems to be well established by authority that the conduct and admissions of a party operate against him in the nature of an estoppel, wherever, in good conscience and honest dealing, he ought not to be permitted to gainsay them. Thus, negligence becomes constructive fraud,—although, strictly speaking, the actual intention to mislead or deceive may be wanting, and the party may be innocent, if innocence and gross negligence may be deemed compatible; and in such cases the maxim is justly applied to him, that where one of two innocent persons must suffer, he shall suffer who by his own acts occasioned the confidence and loss. The application of the maxim to the case before us is obvious. The principle involved in it is kindred to that of an equitable estoppel, the difference being that the application of the estoppel, instead of the maxim, avoids the loss to the innocent party who has been misled by the conduct of another. See 1 Story’s Eq. Jur., secs. 387, 389; Lucas v. Hart, 5 Iowa, 415; Commonwealth v. Moltz, 10 Pa. St. 527, 531; Smith v. McNeal, 68 Pa. St. 164.” Foster, J., in Stevens v. Dennett, 51 N. H. 324, 335.
“The usual form of expressing the situation which founds an estoppel in pais has been that followed in the rulings given, in which, as in many of the older decisions, it is said that an intent to deceive is a necessary element. But under this formula the jury were not prohibited from finding the intention and the estoppel, if, without more, the plaintiff spoke or acted falsely, knowing or having cause to believe that his words or conduct reasonably might influence the defendant’s action. The more modern statement, that one is responsible for the word or act which he knows, or ought to know, will be acted upon by another, includes the older statement that the estoppel comes from an intention to mislead. White v. Duggan, 140 Mass. 18, 20. Tracy v. Lincoln, 145 Mass. 357, 359. O’Donnell v. Clinton, 145 Mass. 461, 463. Washburn v. Hammond, 151 Mass. 132, 141.” Barker. J., in Stiff v. Ashton, 155 Mass. 130, 133.
[343]. Milson v. Gerstenberg, 43 App. D. C. 165; Ballard v. Thibodeau, 109 Me. 559; Kiefer v. Rogers, 19 Minn. 32; Hedin v. Minneapolis Medical Institute, 62 Minn. 146; Flaherty v. Till, 119 Minn. 191; Devero v. Sparks, 189 Mo. App. 500; Craig v. Ward, 1 Abb. Dec. 454; Garvin v. Harrell, 27 Okl. 373; Wells v. Driskell, (Tex. Civ. App.) 149 S. W. 205 Accord.
See Water Com’rs v. Robbins, 82 Conn. 623; Auman v. McKibben, 179 Ill. App. 425; Huntress v. Blodgett, 206 Mass. 318; Bank v. Wood, 189 Mo. App. 62.
As to the fiction of “presumption of knowledge,” see: Hicks v. Stevens, 121 Ill. 186; Ward v. Trimble, 103 Ky. 153; Reynolds v. Evans, 123 Md. 365; Unitype Co. v. Ashcraft, 155 N. C. 63; Collins v. Chipman, 41 Tex. Civ. App. 563. Compare Brooks v. Hamilton, 15 Minn. 26.