A Source Book of Mediæval History / Documents Illustrative of European Life and Institutions from the German Invasions to the Renaissance

by Unknown

[Note—The numbers refer to pages.]

• Aachen, Charlemagne's capital, [108], [110];
  • basilica at, [113];
  • assembly at, [119];
  • capitulary for the missi promulgated from, [135];
  • in territory assigned to Lothair, [155].
• Abbeville, English and French armies at, [427].
• Abbo, account of siege of Paris, [165], [168]-[171].
• Abbot, character and duties of, defined in Benedictine Rule, [84]-[86].
• Abelard, at Paris, [340].
• Abu-Bekr, Mohammed's successor, [97].
• Acta Sanctorum, quoted, [256]-[258].
• Adalbero, archbishop of Rheims, [177];
  • speech at Senlis, [178]-[179];
  • urges election as true basis of Frankish kingship, [179];
  • opposes candidacy of Charles of Lower Lorraine, [179]-[180];
  • speaks in behalf of Hugh Capet, [180].
• Adrianople, battle of, importance, [37]-[38];
  • described by Ammianus Marcellinus, [38]-[41].
• Ægidius, "king of the Romans," [50]-[51].
• Ælfthryth, daughter of Alfred the Great, [187].
• Agincourt, English victory at, [440].
• Agius, bishop of Orleans, [167].
• Agriculture, among the early Germans, [21], [29].
• Aids, nature of, [222];
  • defined by Norman custom, [222]-[223];
  • specified in Great Charter, [306]-[307].
• Ain Tulut, battle of, [317].
• Aix-la-Chapelle (see [Aachen]).
• Alaf [Alavivus], a Visigothic chieftain, [34].
• Alaric, king of the Visigoths, [51];
  • Syagrius takes refuge with, [51];
  • delivers Syagrius to Clovis, [51];
  • interview with Clovis, [54]-[55];
  • defeated and slain by Clovis near Poitiers, [56].
• Albar, [201].
• Alcuin, brought to Charlemagne's court, [113];
  • in the Palace School, [144].
• Alemanni, defeated by Clovis at Strassburg, [53].
• Alessandria, founded, [399].
• Alexander II., approves William the Conqueror's project to invade England, [234].
• Alexander III., [399].
• Alexander V., elected pope, [390].
• Alexius Comnenus, appeals to Urban II., [283].
• Alfonso XI., of Castile, [421].
• Alfred the Great, biography by Asser, [181];
  • becomes king of the English, [182];
  • fights the Danes at Wilton, [182];
  • constructs a navy, [183];
  • defeats Danes at Swanwich, [183];
  • in refuge at Athelney, [184];
  • meets English people at Egbert's stone, [184];
  • defeats Danes at Ethandune, [184];
  • peace of Guthrum and, [185];
  • negotiates treaty of Wedmore, [185];
  • interest in education, [185];
  • literary activity, [186], [193];
  • care for his children, [187];
  • varied pursuits, [187];
  • piety, [188];
  • regret at lack of education, [189];
  • search for learned men, [190]-[191];
  • letter to Bishop Werfrith, [191]-[194];
  • laws, [194]-[195].
• Alith, mother of St. Bernard, [251]-[252].
• Alp Arslan, defeats Eastern emperor at Manzikert, [282].
• Amalric, king of the Visigoths, [56].
• Amboise, [55].
• Ammianus Marcellinus, author of a Roman History, [34];
  • facts concerning life, [34];
  • quoted, [34]-[37], [38]-[41], [43]-[46].
• Amusements, of the early Germans, [30]-[31].
• Anagni, Boniface VIII. taken captive at, [385].
• Angelo, companion of St. Francis, [363].
• Angers, Northmen at, [167].
• Angilbert, a Carolingian poet, [151].
• Angoulême, captured by Clovis, [56]-[57].
• Annales Bertiniani, scope, [165];
  • quoted, [156], [165]-[168].
• Annales Laureshamensis, quoted, [132]-[133].
• Annales Laurissenses Minores, quoted, [106]-[107].
• Annales Xantenses, quoted, [158]-[163].
• Annals, origin and character of, [157]-[158].
• Annates, defined, [389].
• Antioch, crusaders arrive at, [293];
  • siege and capture of, [293]-[296].
• Apicius, Marcus Gavius, [471].
• Arabs, overrun Syria, [282].
• Arezzo, Petrarch born at, [461], [464], [471].
• Arianism, adopted by Germans, [50];
  • refuted by ordeal of hot water, [198]-[200].
• Aristotle, Dante cites, [460].
• Arles, Council of, [72].
• Armagnacs, in later Hundred Years' War, [440].
• Armenia, crusaders in, [293].
• Arnold Atton, forfeiture of fief, [227]-[228].
• Arnold of Bonneval, [251].
• Arpent, a land measure, [129].
• Arras, treaty of, [439].
• Arteveld, James van, connection with Hundred Years' War, [422].
• Articles of the Barons, relation to the Great Charter, [304].
• Asnapium, inventory of, [127]-[129].
• Assam, conquered by the crusaders, [293].
• Assembly, the German, [26]-[27];
  • the Saxon, [123].
• Asser, biography of Alfred the Great, [181], [186].
• Assisi, birth-place of St. Francis, [362]-[363].
• Athanaric, a Visigothic chieftain, [33]-[34].
• Athelney, Alfred in refuge at, [184].
• Augustine, sent to Britain by Pope Gregory, [72]-[73];
  • constituted abbot, [74];
  • lands at Thanet, [75];
  • preaches to King Ethelbert, [76];
  • life at Canterbury, [77].
• Augustus, [32].
• Aurelian, cedes Dacia to the Visigoths, [33].
• Ausculta Fili, issued by Boniface VIII., [384].
• Auvillars, forfeited by Arnold Atton, [227].
• Avignon, popes resident at, [389].
• Aylesford, Horsa slain in battle at, [71].
• Babylon (Cairo), St. Louis advances on, [318].
• Babylonian Captivity, begins, [385], [389].
• Ban, of the emperor, [138].
• Basel, Council of, [391], [393].
• Battle Abbey, founded by William the Conqueror, [242].
• Baugulf, Charlemagne's letter to, [145]-[148].
• Bavaria, annexed to Charlemagne's kingdom, [115].
• Bayeux, Odo, bishop of, imprisoned, [243].
• Beatrice, Dante's love affair with, [446].
• Beauchamp, William de, [302].
• Beaumont, birth of Froissart at, [418].
• Bede, facts regarding life of, [68];
  • "Ecclesiastical History of the English People," [68];
  • account of the Saxon invasion, [69]-[72];
  • account of Augustine's mission to Britain, [73]-[77].
• Bedford, castle of, English barons at, [301]-[302].
• Bellona, Roman goddess of war, [39].
• Benedict XIII., deposed from papacy, [391].
• Benedictine Rule, nature and purpose, [84];
  • translation of, [84];
  • quoted, [84]-[90];
  • character and duties of the abbot, [84]-[86], [89];
  • the monks to be called in council, [87];
  • the Rule always to be obeyed, [87];
  • monks to own no property individually, [87]-[88];
  • daily manual labor, [88];
  • reading during Lent, [89];
  • hospitality, [89].
• Benefice, origin and development, [206];
  • relation to vassalage, [207];
  • example of grant, [207]-[210].
• Beowulf, [188].
• Bernardone, Pietro, father of St. Francis, [363].
• Bernardus Clarævallensis (by William of St. Thierry), quoted, [251]-[256], [258]-[260].
• Berno, abbot of Cluny, [248].
• Bertha, queen of Kent, [72], [75].
• Bertha, daughter of Charlemagne, [151].
• Biography, character of, in Middle Ages, [108].
• Blanche of Castile, mother of St. Louis, [311], [313]-[314].
• Boccaccio, Petrarch's acquaintance with, [464].
• Boëthius, [186].
• Bohemia, king of, an elector of the Empire, [410].
• Bohemians, Louis the German makes expedition against, [160]-[161].
• Bohemond of Tarentum, [294]-[295].
• Bologna, University of, [340].
• Boniface, anoints Pepin the Short, [107].
• Boniface VIII., conflict with Philip the Fair, [383]-[384];
  • issues bull Clericis Laicos, [384];
  • issues bull Unam Sanctam, [385];
  • death, [385].
• Boulogne, count of, uncle of St. Louis, [314].
• Bourges, Pragmatic Sanction of, promulgated, [394];
  • quoted, [395]-[397].
• Bouvines, King John's defeat at, [297], [403].
• Brackley, English barons meet at, [300].
• Bretigny, treaty of, negotiated, [439];
  • provisions of, [441]-[442].
• Britain, Saxon invasion of, [68]-[72];
  • shores infested by Angle and Saxon seafarers, [68];
  • Roman garrisons withdrawn from, [68];
  • Saxons invited into, [69];
  • Saxon settlement in, [70];
  • Saxons conquer, [71]-[72];
  • Christianity in, [72];
  • Augustine sent to, [73]-[74];
  • conversion of Saxon population begins, [75]-[77].
• Britons, menaced by Picts and Scots, [68];
  • decide to call in the Saxons, [68]-[69];
  • conquered by the Saxons, [71]-[72];
  • early Christianization of, [72].
• Brittany, Northmen in, [166].
• Brussels, conference at, [422]-[423].
• Buchonian Forest, [57], [58].
• Burchard, bishop of Chartres, [167].
• Burgundians, faction in Hundred Years' War, [440].
• Cæsar, Julius, describes the Germans in his "Commentaries," [19]-[22];
  • conquest of Gaul, [19], [32].
• Calais, treaty of Bretigny revised at, [439]-[440].
• Calixtus II., concessions made by, in Concordat of Worms, [279]-[280].
• Camargue, Northmen establish themselves at, [168].
• Campus Martius, [52];
  • Merovingian kings at, [106]-[107].
• Cannæ, battle of, [41].
• Canossa, Henry IV. arrives at, [274];
  • Henry IV.'s penance at, [276];
  • oath taken by Henry IV. at, [277]-[278].
• Canterbury, capital of Kent, [76];
  • life of Augustine's band at, [77];
  • Plegmund archbishop of, [190];
  • Christchurch monastery built at, [242].
• Capellani, functions of, [190].
• Capitulare Missorum Generale, promulgated by Charlemagne, [135];
  • scope, [135];
  • translation of, [135];
  • quoted, [135]-[141];
  • character and functions of the missi, [135]-[137];
  • new oath to Charlemagne as emperor, [137];
  • administration of justice, [138]-[139];
  • obligations of the clergy, [139];
  • murder, [140].
• Capitulary, Charlemagne's concerning the Saxon territory, [118]-[123];
  • nature of, [119]-[120];
  • Charlemagne's concerning the royal domains, [124]-[127];
  • Charlemagne's for the missi, [134]-[141];
  • nature of, in ninth century, [174];
  • Carloman's concerning the preservation of order, [174]-[176].
• Capitulum Saxonicum, issued by Charlemagne, [119].
• Cappadocia, crusaders in, [293].
• Cardinals, college of, instituted, [269];
  • and Great Schism, [389]-[391].
• Carloman, capitulary concerning the preservation of order, [174]-[176];
  • functions of the missi, [175];
  • obligations of officials, [176].
• Carmina Burana, source for mediæval students' songs, [352].
• Carolingians, origin of, [105]-[106];
  • age of Charlemagne, [108]-[148];
  • disorders in reigns of, [149]-[163];
  • menaced by Norse invasions, [163]-[173];
  • efforts to preserve order, [173]-[176];
  • growing inability to cope with conditions, [174];
  • replaced by Capetian dynasty, [177]-[180].
• Carthusians, [246].
• Castellanerie, defined, [216].
• Celestine III., [381].
• Cens, payment of, in Lorris, [328].
• Census, [209].
• Centenarius, functions of, [176].
• Chalcedon, Council of, [80].
• Châlons-sur-Saône, immunity of monastery at, confirmed by Charlemagne, [212]-[214].
• Champagne, county of, [215];
  • Joinville's residence in, [312].
• Charibert, [75].
• Charlemagne, employs Einhard at court, [108];
  • biography of, [109];
  • personal appearance, [109]-[110];
  • manner of dress, [111];
  • fondness for St. Augustine's De Civitate Dei, [111];
  • everyday life, [112];
  • education, [112]-[113];
  • interest in religion, [113];
  • charities, [114];
  • policy of Germanic consolidation, [115];
  • conquers Lombardy, Bavaria, and the Spanish March, [115];
  • war with the Saxons, [115]-[118];
  • transplants Saxons into Gaul, [117]-[118];
  • peace with Saxons, [118];
  • issues capitularies concerning the Saxon territory, [119];
  • capitulary concerning the royal domains, [124]-[127];
  • revenues, [124];
  • interest in agriculture, [124];
  • inventory of a royal estate, [127]-[129];
  • appealed to by Pope Leo III., [130];
  • goes to Rome, [130];
  • crowned emperor by Leo, [130], [132]-[134];
  • significance of the coronation, [131]-[133];
  • issues capitulary for the missi, [134];
  • new oath to, as emperor, [137];
  • provisions for administration of justice, [138]-[139];
  • legislation for clergy, [139]-[140];
  • letter to Abbot Fulrad, [142]-[144];
  • builds up Palace School, [144]-[145];
  • provides for elementary and intermediate education, [145];
  • confirms immunity of monastery of Châlons-sur-Saône, [212]-[214].
• Charles Martel, victor at Tours, [105];
  • Frankish mayor of the palace, [105];
  • makes office hereditary, [105].
• Charles the Fat, Emperor, [168];
  • Odo's mission to, [170]-[171];
  • buys off the Northmen, [171];
  • deposition and death, [171].
• Charles, son of Charlemagne, anointed by Leo, [134].
• Charles the Bald, of France, birth, [149];
  • combines with Louis against Lothair, [150]-[151];
  • takes oath of Strassburg, [152]-[154];
  • lands received by treaty of Verdun, [155]-[156];
  • buys off the Northmen, [159];
  • capitularies, [174].
• Charles the Simple, of France, yields Normandy to Rollo, [172].
• Charles of Lower Lorraine, claimant to French throne, [177];
  • candidacy opposed by Adalbero, [179]-[180].
• Charles IV., Emperor, founds University of Prague, [345];
  • promulgates Golden Bull, [410].
• Charles IV. (the Fair), of France, [419].
• Charles VI. of France, [440];
  • and the Great Schism, [390].
• Charles VII. of France, convenes council at Bourges, [394];
  • dauphin of France, [440]-[441].
• Charles, count of Anjou, [321].
• Charles, of Luxemburg, slain at Crécy, [433].
• Charter, conditions of grant to towns, [326];
  • of Laon, [327]-[328];
  • of Lorris, [328]-[330].
  • (See [Magna Charta].)
• Châtillon, St. Bernard educated at, [252];
  • begins monastic career at, [254].
• Childebert, conquers Septimania, [57].
• Childeric I., father of Clovis, [50].
• Childeric III., last Merovingian king, [105];
  • deposed, [107].
• Chippenham, Danes winter at, [184];
  • siege of, [184];
  • treaty of, [185].
• Chronica Majora (by Roger of Wendover), scope of, [298];
  • quoted, [298]-[303].
• Chronica Majora (by Matthew Paris), value of, [404];
  • quoted, [405]-[409].
• Chroniques (by Froissart), character of, [418];
  • quoted, [418]-[439].
• Church, development of, [78]-[96];
  • origin of papacy, [78]-[79];
  • Pope Leo's sermon on the Petrine supremacy, [80]-[83];
  • rise of monasticism, [83]-[84];
  • the Benedictine Rule, [84]-[90];
  • papacy of Gregory the Great, [90]-[91];
  • Gregory's description of the functions of the secular clergy, [91]-[96];
  • Charlemagne's zeal for promotion of, [113];
  • Charlemagne's extension into Saxony, [118]-[123];
  • influence on development of annalistic writings, [157];
  • education intrusted to, by Charlemagne, [146];
  • to aid in suppressing disorder, [175]-[176];
  • illiteracy of English clergy in Alfred's day, [190]-[192];
  • influence on use of ordeals, [197];
  • use of precarium, [206]-[207];
  • favored by grants of immunity, [210];
  • efforts to discourage private warfare, [228]-[229];
  • decrees the Peace of God, [229];
  • decrees the Truce of God, [229];
  • reform through Cluniac movement, [246];
  • conditions in St. Bernard's day, [250];
  • Gregory VII.'s conception of the papal authority, [262]-[264];
  • Gregory VII. avows purpose to correct abuses in, [267];
  • college of cardinals instituted, [269];
  • issue of lay investiture, [265]-[278];
  • Concordat of Worms, [278]-[281];
  • liberties in England granted in Great Charter, [305];
  • patronage of universities, [340];
  • menaced by abuses, [360];
  • rise of the mendicant orders, [360];
  • St. Francis's attitude toward, [375], [377]-[378];
  • use of excommunication and interdict, [380];
  • Unam Sanctam, [383]-[388];
  • Great Schism, [389]-[390];
  • Council of Pisa, [390]-[391];
  • Council of Constance, [391], [393];
  • Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, [393]-[397];
  • decline in England in fourteenth century, [474];
  • Wyclif's efforts to regenerate, [475]-[477].
• Cicero, Dante cites, [451];
  • Petrarch's reading of, [466].
• Cimbri, [32].
• Cistercians, [246], [250].
• Cîteaux, [246];
  • St. Bernard decides to join, [252], [254];
  • St. Bernard goes forth from, [256].
• Cities (see [Towns]), Frederick Barbarossa and Lombard, [398]-[399];
  • rights of guaranteed by Peace of Constance, [400]-[402].
• Clairvaux, St. Bernard founds monastery at, [256]-[257];
  • description of by William of St. Thierry, [258]-[260];
  • marvelous works accomplished at, [259];
  • piety of monks at, [259].
• Claudius Claudianus, at the court of Honorius, [42];
  • description of the Huns, [43].
• Clement VII., elected pope, [389];
  • dies, [390].
• Clergy (see [Church]), Charlemagne's general legislation for, [139]-[140];
  • Pope Gregory I.'s exhortation to, [91]-[96];
  • Charlemagne's provisions for, in Saxony, [120]-[123];
  • temporal importance in Charlemagne's empire, [141]-[142];
  • work of education committed to by Charlemagne, [146];
  • illiteracy in Alfred's day, [186], [191]-[192];
  • grants of immunity to, [210]-[214];
  • protected by Peace of God, [230]-[231];
  • worldliness of, in England before the Conquest, [239].
• Clericis Laicos, issued by Boniface VIII., [384].
• Clermont, Council of, confirms Peace and Truce of God, [229];
  • Pope Urban's speech at, [283]-[288];
  • first crusade proclaimed at, [287]-[288].
• Cloderic, receives deputation from Clovis, [57];
  • has his father slain, [57];
  • himself slain, [58].
• Clotilde, wife of Clovis, [49];
  • labors for his conversion, [53];
  • calls Remigius to the court, [54].
• Clovis, conversion of, [49];
  • becomes king of the Salian Franks, [50];
  • advances against Syagrius, [51];
  • defeats him at Soissons, [51];
  • requests King Alaric to surrender the refugee, [51];
  • has Syagrius put to death, [51];
  • episode of the broken vase, [51]-[52];
  • decides to become a Christian, [53];
  • wins battle of Strassburg, [53];
  • baptized with his warriors, [54];
  • interview with Alaric, [54]-[55];
  • resolves to conquer southern Gaul, [55];
  • campaign against Alaric, [55]-[57];
  • victory at Vouillé, [56];
  • takes possession of southern Gaul, [56];
  • captures Angoulême, [57];
  • sends deputation to Cloderic, [57];
  • takes Cloderic's kingdom, [58];
  • slays Ragnachar and Richar, [58]-[59];
  • death at Paris, [59].
• Cluny, establishment of monastery at, [245];
  • growth and influence, [246];
  • charter issued for, [247]-[249];
  • land and other property yielded to, [247]-[248];
  • Berno to be abbot, [248];
  • relations with the papacy, [249];
  • charitable activity, [249].
• Cologne, [57];
  • university founded at, [345].
• Comitatus, among the early Germans, [27]-[28];
  • a prototype of vassalage, [205].
• Commendation, defined, [205];
  • Frankish formula for, [205]-[206].
• Commerce, freedom guaranteed by
  • Great Charter, [308]-[309];
  • encouraged in charter of Lorris, [329].
• Commune (see [Towns]), [326].
• Compiègne, [171].
• Compurgation, defined, [196].
• Conrad IV., [334].
• Constance, Council of, assembles, [391];
  • declarations of, [393].
• Constance, Peace of, [398]-[402].
• Constantine, [78].
• Constantine VI., deposed at Constantinople, [131]-[132].
• Constantinople, threatened by Seljuk Turks, [282].
• Corbei, [191];
  • French barons assemble at, [314].
• Corvée, provision for in charter of Lorris, [330].
• Councils, Church, powers of declared at Pisa and Constance, [392]-[393];
  • provisions for in Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, [396]-[397].
• Count, duties, [123], [134];
  • restrictions on by grants of immunity, [211].
• Count of the Palace, [112].
• Crécy, English take position at, [427]-[428];
  • French advance to, [427], [430]-[431];
  • English prepare for battle, [431]-[432];
  • the French defeated at, [433]-[436].
• Crime, in the Salic law, [62]-[65];
  • in Charlemagne's De Partibus Saxoniæ, [123];
  • in Charlemagne's Capitulare Missorum Generale, [140]-[141];
  • Carloman's regulations for suppression of, [175]-[176];
  • in Alfred's legislation, [194]-[195];
  • penalties for in Peace and Truce of God, [230]-[232];
  • protection of scholars against, [343].
• Crusade, Gregory VII.'s plan for, [283];
  • Urban II.'s speech in behalf of, [284]-[288];
  • first crusade proclaimed, [287]-[288];
  • motives for, [288];
  • starting of the crusaders, [289]-[291];
  • letters of crusaders, [291]-[292];
  • Stephen of Blois to his wife, [292]-[296];
  • early achievements of, [293];
  • of St. Louis to Egypt, [313], [318]-[322].
• Cyprus, St. Louis in, [316];
  • departs from, [317].
• Dacia, ceded to the Visigoths, [33].
• Danelaw, [185].
• Danes (see [Northmen]), earliest visits to England, [181];
  • defeat Alfred the Great at Wilton, [182];
  • winter at Exeter, [183];
  • defeated by Alfred at Swanwich, [183];
  • winter at Chippenham, [184];
  • defeated by Alfred at Ethandune, [184];
  • treaties of peace with Alfred, [185].
• Dante, career of, [446];
  • attachment to Holy Roman Empire, [446];
  • relation to Renaissance, [446]-[447];
  • defends Italian as a literary language, [447]-[452];
  • conception of imperial power, [452]-[453];
  • De Monarchia quoted, [453]-[462].
• Danube, Visigoths cross, [34]-[37].
• Dauphiné, origin of, [395].
• De Bello Gallico (by Julius Cæsar), character of, [20];
  • quoted, [20]-[22];
  • used by Tacitus, [23].
• Debt, in the Salic law, [66];
  • collection of among students, [342].
• Décime, defined, [389].
• De Civitate Dei (by St. Augustine), Charlemagne's regard for, [111].
• De Divortio Lotharii regis et Tetbergæ reginæ (by Hincmar), quoted, [200]-[201].
• De Domino Divino (by Wyclif), nature of, [474].
• De Gestis Regum Anglorum (by William of Malmesbury), scope, [235];
  • quoted, [235]-[241], [289]-[290].
• Degrees, university, [340].
• De Litteris Colendis, addressed by Charlemagne to Abbot Baugulf, [145];
  • quoted, [146]-[148];
  • work of education committed to the clergy, [146]-[147];
  • education essential to interpretation of Scriptures, [147].
• Demesne, [125].
• De Monarchia (by Dante), nature of, [452]-[453]
  • quoted, [453]-[462].
• De odio et âtia, writ of, [307]-[308].
• De Partibus Saxoniæ, capitulary issued by Charlemagne, [119];
  • quoted, [120]-[123];
  • churches as places of refuge, [120];
  • offenses against the Church, [121];
  • penalties for persistence in paganism, [122];
  • fugitive criminals, [123];
  • public assemblies, [123].
• De Rebus Familiaribus (by Petrarch), quoted, [465]-[473].
• De Rebus Gestis Ælfredi Magni (by Asser), quoted, [182]-[185], [186]-[191].
• De Temporibus (by Eusebius), preface to, cited by Petrarch, [468].
• De Villis, capitulary issued by Charlemagne, [124];
  • translation of, [124];
  • quoted, [124]-[127];
  • reports to be made by the stewards, [125];
  • equipment, [125]-[127];
  • produce due the king, [127].
• De Vulgari Eloquentia (by Dante), [447]-[448].
• Deusdedit, [262].
• Dictatus Papæ, authorship of, [262];
  • quoted, [262]-[264].
• Diedenhofen, Louis, Lothair, and Charles meet at, [158].
• Divina Commedia (by Dante), [446].
• Domains, Charlemagne's capitulary concerning, [124]-[127];
  • specimen inventory of property, [127]-[129].
• Domesday Survey, [243].
• Dominicans, founded, [360].
• Dordrecht, burned by the Northmen, [159];
  • again taken, [161].
• Dorset, Danes land in, [181].
• Dorylæum, Turks defeated at, [293].
• Druids, among the Gauls, [20]-[21].
• Dudo, dean of St. Quentin, [165].
• Easter tables, origin of mediæval annals, [157].
• Eastern Empire, menaced by Seljuk Turks, [282]-[283], [285].
• Ebolus, abbot of St. Germain des Près, [169]-[170].
• Edington (see [Ethandune]).
• Education, decline among the Franks, [144]-[147];
  • Charlemagne's provisions for, [145]-[148];
  • the Palace School, [144];
  • decline after Charlemagne, [145];
  • entrusted by Charlemagne to the clergy, [146];
  • Alfred's interest in, [185];
  • of Alfred's children, [187];
  • Alfred's labors in behalf of, [189]-[191];
  • Alfred laments decline of, [192];
  • universities in the Middle Ages, [339]-[359].
• Edward the Elder, son of Alfred the Great, [187].
• Edward the Confessor, death of, [233].
• Edward III., claim to French throne, [421];
  • takes title of king of France, [421]-[424];
  • wins battle of Sluys, [424]-[427];
  • takes position at Crécy, [427];
  • prepares for battle, [429];
  • defeats French army, [433]-[436];
  • new invasion of France, [439];
  • concludes treaty of Bretigny, [439]-[442].
• Edward, the Black Prince, wins his spurs at Crécy, [434]-[435];
  • besieges and sacks Limoges, [436]-[439].
• Egbert's stone, Alfred meets English people at, [184].
• Einhard, describes weakness of later Merovingians, [106]-[107];
  • career of, [108];
  • author of Vita Caroli Magni, [109];
  • sketch of Charlemagne, [109]-[114];
  • account of the Saxon war, [116]-[118];
  • statement regarding Charlemagne's coronation, [133].
• Elbe, German boundary in Charlemagne's day, [330].
• Electors, of Holy Roman Empire, provisions of Golden Bull regarding, [409]-[416].
• Ely, bishop of, [300].
• Empire (see [Eastern Empire]; [Holy Roman Empire], and the names of emperors).
• England, ravaged by the Danes, [181];
  • Alfred the Great becomes king, [182];
  • Alfred's wars with the Danes, [182]-[185];
  • navy founded by Alfred, [183];
  • treaty of Wedmore, [185];
  • decadence of learning, [186];
  • Alfred brings learned men to, [190]-[191];
  • Alfred writes to Bishop Werfrith on state of learning in, [191]-[194];
  • William the Conqueror's claim to throne of, [234];
  • Harold becomes king of, [234];
  • William the Conqueror prepares to invade, [234];
  • battle of Hastings, [235]-[238];
  • Saxons and Normans, [238]-[241];
  • William the Conqueror's government of, [241]-[244];
  • reign of King John, [297]-[298];
  • the winning of the Great Charter, [298]-[303];
  • provisions of the Charter, [305]-[310];
  • Edward III. claims French throne, [421]-[423];
  • naval battle of Sluys, [424]-[427];
  • battle of Crécy, [427]-[436];
  • the Black Prince sacks Limoges, [436]-[439];
  • treaty of Bretigny, [439], [441]-[442];
  • treaty of Troyes, [440], [443];
  • religious decline in fourteenth century, [474];
  • Wyclif's career, [474]-[475].
• Epistolæ de Rebus Senilibus (by Petrarch), [464].
• Epistolæ sine Titulo (by Petrarch), [464].
• Epistolæ Variæ (by Petrarch), [464].
• Erfurt, University of, founded, [345].
• Établissements de St. Louis, quoted, [217], [223]-[224].
• Ethandune, Alfred defeats Danes at, [184].
• Ethelbert, king of Kent, [72];
  • accepts Christianity, [73], [77];
  • power of, [74];
  • receives Augustine, [76];
  • encourages missionary effort, [77].
• Ethelred I., king of the English, [182].
• Ethelstan, of Mercia, [190].
• Ethelwerd, son of Alfred the Great, [186].
• Eugene IV., and Council of Basel, [393].
• Eurie, king of the Northmen, [166];
  • defeated by Louis the German, [166].
• Eusebius, author of De Temporibus, [468].
• Excommunication, nature of, [380];
  • of Henry IV. by Gregory VII., [272];
  • of Frederick II. by Gregory IX., [406].
• Exeter, Danes winter at, [183].
• Fealty, ceremony of, [216]-[217];
  • described in an English law book, [218];
  • rendered to count of Flanders, [218]-[219];
  • ordinance of St. Louis on, [219].
• Feudalism, importance of, in mediæval history, [203];
  • most perfectly developed in France, [203]-[204];
  • essential elements, [204];
  • origins of vassalage, [204]-[205];
  • formula for commendation, [205]-[206];
  • development of the benefice, [206]-[207];
  • example of grant of a benefice, [207]-[210];
  • origins and nature of the immunity, [210]-[211];
  • formula for grant of immunity, [211]-[212];
  • an immunity confirmed by Charlemagne, [212]-[214];
  • nature of the fief, [214];
  • specimen grants of fiefs, [215]-[216];
  • complexity of the system, [216];
  • ceremonies of homage and fealty, [216]-[217];
  • homage defined, [217];
  • fealty described, [218];
  • homage and fealty illustrated, [218]-[219];
  • ordinance of St. Louis on homage and fealty, [219];
  • obligations of lords and vassals, [220]-[221];
  • rights of the lord, [221]-[228];
  • aids, [222]-[223];
  • military service involved, [223]-[224];
  • wardship and marriage, [224]-[225];
  • reliefs, [225]-[226];
  • forfeiture, [226]-[228];
  • militant character of feudal period, [228]-[229];
  • efforts to reduce private war, [229];
  • the Peace and Truce of God, [229]-[232];
  • provisions of Great Charter concerning, [306]-[307].
• Fief, relation to benefice, [207];
  • nature, [214];
  • specimen grants, [215]-[216].
• Fitz-Walter, Robert, besieges castle of Northampton, [301].
• Flanders, influence on Hundred Years' War, [419];
  • allied with Edward III., [421]-[423].
• Flanders, William, count of, homage and fealty to, [218]-[219].
• Florence, Dante born at, [445].
• Fontaines, St. Bernard born at, [251].
• Fontenay, Charles and Louis defeat Lothair at, [150].
• Forfeiture, nature, [226]-[227];
  • case of Arnold Atton, [227]-[228].
• Formula, for commendation, [205]-[206];
  • for grant of a benefice, [207]-[210];
  • for grant of immunity to a bishop, [211]-[212].
• France, Hugh Capet becomes king, [177]-[180];
  • geographical extent in 987, [180];
  • feudalism most perfectly developed in, [203]-[204];
  • over-population of described by Pope Urban, [286];
  • in times of Louis IX., [311]-[324];
  • treaty of Paris (1229), [322];
  • rise of municipalities in, [325]-[326];
  • interdict laid on by Innocent III., [380]-[383];
  • Philip the Fair's contest with Boniface VIII., [383]-[388];
  • States General meets, [385];
  • responsibility for Great Schism, [389]-[390];
  • Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, [393]-[397];
  • disputed succession in 1328, [419]-[420];
  • Edward III. takes title of king, [421]-[423];
  • naval battle of Sluys, [424]-[427];
  • battle of Crécy, [427]-[436];
  • siege and sack of Limoges, [436]-[439];
  • treaty of Bretigny, [439], [441]-[442];
  • treaty of Troyes, [440], [443].
• Francia Occidentalis, [155].
• Francia Orientalis, [155].
• Francia, territorial extent, [152], [155].
• Francis I., Concordat of, [394].
• Franciscans, founded, [360], [361];
  • life of St. Francis, [363]-[373];
  • Rule of St. Francis, [373]-[376];
  • Will of St. Francis, [376]-[378].
• Frankfort, electors of Empire to assemble at, [412].
• Franks, conquer northern Gaul, [49];
  • become Christians, [49], [54];
  • character of conversion, [50];
  • close relations with papacy, [50];
  • Clovis becomes king of the Salians, [50];
  • defeat Syagrius at Soissons, [51];
  • defeat Alaric near Poitiers, [56];
  • Salic law, [59]-[67];
  • decadence of Merovingians, [105];
  • rise of Mayor of the Palace, [105];
  • early mayors, [105];
  • Pepin the Short becomes king, [105]-[107];
  • the age of Charlemagne, [108]-[148];
  • the war with the Saxons, [114]-[118];
  • Charlemagne's capitularies, [118]-[127], [134]-[141];
  • Charlemagne crowned emperor, [130]-[134];
  • decay of learning among, [144];
  • Carolingian Renaissance, [144]-[148];
  • disorder among in ninth century, [157]-[163];
  • menaced by invasions of Northmen, [160]-[163];
  • decline of monarchy in ninth century, [173];
  • rise of feudalism among, [173]-[174].
• Freckenhorst, sacred relics brought to, [163].
• Frederick, bishop of Hamburg, issues charter for a colony, [332]-[333].
• Frederick Barbarossa, grants privileges to students and masters, [341]-[343];
  • and the Italian communes, [398]-[399];
  • destroys Milan, [399];
  • defeated at Legnano, [399];
  • agrees to Peace of Constance, [399]-[400].
• Frederick II., accession of, [402]-[403];
  • character, [403]-[404];
  • suspected of heresy, [405];
  • excommunicated, [406], [408]-[409].
• Friars, conditions determining rise of, [360];
  • unlike monks, [360]-[361];
  • relations with papacy and local clergy, [361];
  • system of organization, [361];
  • career of St. Francis, [362]-[378];
  • Rule of St. Francis, [373]-[376];
  • Will of St. Francis, [376]-[378].
• Fridigern, leader of branch of Visigoths, [33]-[34], [38], [39].
• Friesland (see [Frisia]).
• Frisia, Northmen in, [159], [162], [166].
• Froissart, Sire de, "Chronicles" of, [417]-[418].
• Fulbert of Chartres, letter to William of Aquitaine, [220]-[221].
• Fulcher of Chartres, version of Pope Urban's speech, [286];
  • account of starting of crusaders, [290]-[291].
• Fulda, Einhard educated at, [108], [145].
• Fulrad, Charlemagne's letter to, [142]-[144];
  • summoned to assembly at Strassfurt, [143];
  • troops and equipment to be brought, [143];
  • gifts for the Emperor, [143]-[144].
• Gaiseric, [112].
• Galicia, Northmen visit, [166].
• Gâtinais, [329].
• Gau, [25].
• Gaul, conquered by Julius Cæsar, [19], [32];
  • invaded by Cimbri and Teutons, [32];
  • Syagrius's kingdom in, [51];
  • the Franks take possession in the north, [51];
  • Clovis overthrows Visigothic power in south, [55]-[57];
  • monasteries established in, [83];
  • Charlemagne transplants Saxons into, [117]-[118];
  • Northmen devastate, [159];
  • survival of Roman immunity in, [210].
• Geoffrey of Clairvaux, [251].
• Germania (by Tacitus), nature and purpose, [23];
  • contents, [24];
  • translation and editions, [24];
  • quoted, [24]-[31].
• Germans, described by Cæsar, [19]-[22];
  • religion, [21];
  • system of land tenure, [21];
  • magistrates and war leaders, [22];
  • hospitality, [22];
  • described by Tacitus, [23]-[31];
  • location in Cæsar's day, [20];
  • physical characteristics, [24];
  • use of iron, [24];
  • weapons, [24]-[25];
  • mode of fighting, [25]-[26], [40];
  • ideas of military honor, [25], [64];
  • kingship, [26];
  • tribal assemblies, [26]-[27];
  • investment with arms, [27];
  • the princeps and comitatus, [27], [28];
  • love of war, [28]-[29];
  • agriculture, [21], [29];
  • life in times of peace, [29];
  • absence of tax systems, [29];
  • lack of cities and city life, [29];
  • villages, [30];
  • food and drink, [30];
  • amusements, [30];
  • slavery, [31];
  • early contact with the Romans, [32]-[33];
  • defeat Varus, [32];
  • put Romans on the defensive, [32];
  • filter into the Empire, [33];
  • invasions begin, [33];
  • generally Christianized before invasion of Empire, [48];
  • character of their conversion, [49]-[50];
  • ideas of law, [59]-[60];
  • influenced by contact with Romans, [60];
  • codification of law, [60];
  • legal ideas and methods, [196];
  • compurgation, [196];
  • use of the ordeal, [196]-[197].
• Germany, Henry IV.'s position in, [264]-[265];
  • Henry V.'s government of, [278];
  • question of lay investiture in, [265]-[281];
  • colonization toward the east, [331]-[332];
  • colony chartered by bishop of Hamburg, [331]-[333];
  • decline of imperial power, [334];
  • chaotic conditions, [334];
  • rise of municipal leagues, [334];
  • the Rhine League, [335]-[338];
  • rise of universities in, [345];
  • in Frederick Barbarossa's period, [398]-[399];
  • under Frederick II., [402]-[409];
  • conditions after Frederick II., [409]-[410];
  • Golden Bull of Charles IV., [410]-[41].
• Genghis Khan, empire of, [316].
• Ghent, Council at, [423]-[424].
• Gildas, story of Saxon invasion of Britain, [68].
• Gillencourt, granted to Jocelyn d'Avalon, [216].
• Gisela, [173].
• Gloucester, William the Conqueror wears crown at, [242].
• Godfrey of Bouillon, [289].
• Golden Bull, promulgated by Charles IV., [409];
  • character of, [409].
• Gozlin, bishop of Paris, [168].
• Grâce expectative, nature of, [396].
• Gratian, [35], [38].
• Great Council, in William the Conqueror's time, [242];
  • provisions of Great Charter concerning, [306];
  • composition, [307].
• Greek fire, nature of, [319];
  • used by the Saracens, [319]-[321].
• Gregory of Nazianzus, cited by Pope Gregory, [93].
• Gregory of Tours, facts regarding career, [47];
  • author of Ecclesiastical History of the Franks, [47]-[48];
  • opportunities for knowledge, [48];
  • account of Frankish affairs quoted, [50]-[59];
  • account of ordeal by hot water quoted, [198]-[200].
• Gregory I. (the Great), plans conversion of Saxons, [72];
  • sends Augustine to Britain, [72]-[73];
  • becomes pope, [73], [90];
  • letter of encouragement to Augustine's band, [74];
  • early career, [90];
  • qualifications, [90]-[91];
  • author of the Pastoral Rule, [91];
  • describes the functions of the secular clergy, [91]-[96];
  • attitude toward worldly learning, [95];
  • Pastoral Rule translated by Alfred, [186], [193].
• Gregory IV., [158].
• Gregory VI., [261].
• Gregory VII., early career, [261];
  • becomes pope, [261], [269];
  • conceptions of papal authority, [262]-[264];
  • breach with Henry IV., [264];
  • letter to Henry IV., [265]-[269];
  • claim to authority over temporal princes, [266];
  • avows purpose to correct abuses in the Church, [267];
  • disposed to treat Henry IV. fairly, [268];
  • letter to, from Henry IV., [269]-[272];
  • charges against, by Henry IV., [272];
  • deposes him, [272]-[273];
  • meets Henry IV. at Canossa, [274], [275];
  • absolves him, [276];
  • project for a crusade, [283].
• Gregory IX., [403], [406].
• Gregory XI., removes to Rome, [389];
  • bull concerning Lollards, [475].
• Gregory XII., abdicates papacy, [391].
• Grimbald, brought from Gaul by Alfred, [190].
• Guienne, English and French dispute possession of, [419].
• Guiscard, Roger, [341].
• Guthrum, peace of Alfred and, [185];
  • becomes a Christian, [185].
• Hadrian, I., [111], [130].
• Hamburg, pillaged by the Slavs, [331];
  • bishop of, grants charter for a colony, [331]-[333].
• Hanseatic League, [334].
• Harold Hardrada, defeated at Stamford Bridge, [234].
• Harold, son of Godwin, chosen king of England, [234];
  • position disputed by William the Conqueror, [234];
  • defeats Harold Hardrada, [234];
  • takes station at Hastings, [234];
  • valor and death, [237].
• Hastings, English take position at, [234];
  • they prepare for battle, [235];
  • the Normans prepare, [236];
  • William's strategem, [236]-[237].
• Heidelberg, University of, founded, [345];
  • charter of, [345]-[350];
  • modelled on University of Paris, [346];
  • internal government, [347]-[348];
  • jurisdiction of bishop of Worms, [348];
  • exemptions enjoyed by students, [349];
  • rates for lodgings, [350].
• Hell, portrayed in the Koran, [103]-[104].
• Hengist, legendary leader of Saxons, [71];
  • ancestry, [71].
• Henry of Champagne, grants fief to bishop of Beauvais, [215].
• Henry I. of England, charter of, [298], [304], [306].
• Henry III. of England, concludes treaty of Paris with St. Louis, [322].
• Henry V. of England, in Hundred Years' War, [440];
  • marries daughter of Charles VI., [441];
  • awarded French crown by treaty of Troyes, [443].
• Henry I. of Germany, movement against the Slavs, [331].
• Henry III. of Germany, [273].
• Henry IV. of Germany, controversy opens with Gregory VII., [264];
  • wins battle on the Unstrutt, [265];
  • letter of Gregory VII. to, [265]-[269];
  • exhorted to confess and repent sins, [266], [268];
  • reply to letter of Gregory VII., [269]-[272];
  • rejects papal claim to temporal supremacy, [270];
  • excommunicated by Gregory VII., [272];
  • deposed by him, [272]-[273];
  • penance at Canossa, [273]-[277];
  • oath of, [277]-[278].
• Henry V. of Germany, succeeds Henry IV., [278];
  • his spirit of independence, [278];
  • invasion of Italy, [278];
  • compact with Paschal II., [278];
  • party to Concordat of Worms, [279]-[281].
• Henry VI. of Germany, [400], [402].
• Henry VII. of Germany, [433].
• Hermaneric, king of the Ostrogoths, [33].
• Hide, a land measure, [242].
• Hildebrand (see [Gregory VII].).
• Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims, [165];
  • description of ordeal by cold water, [200]-[201].
• Hippo, St. Augustine bishop of, [112].
• Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (by the Venerable Bede), scope and character, [68];
  • quoted, [69]-[72], [73]-[77];
  • translation of, [69].
• Historia Ecclesiastica Francorum (by Gregory of Tours), scope and character, [48]-[49];
  • quoted, [50]-[59].
• Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Jerusalem (by Raimond of Agiles), quoted, [201]-[202].
• Historia Iherosolimitana (by Robert the Monk), quoted, [284]-[288].
• Historia Iherosolimitana (by Fulcher of Chartres), quoted, [290]-[291].
• Historiarum Libri IV. (by Nithardus), scope, [151];
  • quoted, [151]-[154].
• Historiarum Libri IV. (by Richer), scope, [178];
  • quoted, [178]-[180].
• Histoire de Saint Louis (by Joinville), character, [312];
  • quoted, [313]-[324].
• Hollanders, receive charter from bishop of Hamburg, [332]-[333];
  • fiscal obligations, [332];
  • judicial immunity, [333].
• Holy Roman Empire, coronation of Charlemagne, [130]-[134];
  • character and significance, [131]-[132];
  • difficulty of holding together, [149];
  • disordered condition in ninth century, [157]-[163];
  • Henry IV.'s position in, [264]-[265];
  • question of lay investiture in, [265]-[281];
  • Henry V., emperor, [278];
  • Concordat of Worms, [278]-[281];
  • weakening of central authority, [334];
  • chaotic condition, [334];
  • rise of municipal leagues, [334];
  • the Rhine League, [335]-[338];
  • in 12th, [13]th, and 14th centuries, [398]-[416];
  • Frederick Barbarossa at head of, [398];
  • Peace of Constance, [399]-[402];
  • accession of Frederick II., [403];
  • II., [403];
  • Dante's attachment to, [446];
  • Dante's defense of in De Monarchia, [452]-[462].
• Homage, ceremony of, [216]-[217];
  • a Norman definition of, [217];
  • rendered to count of Flanders, [218]-[219];
  • ordinance of St. Louis on, [219].
• Homer, Dante's knowledge of, [449];
  • Petrarch interested in, [467].
• Homicide, in the Salic law, [65].
• Honorius III., St. Francis promises allegiance to, [375].
• Horace, alluded to by Petrarch, [468].
• Horsa, legendary leader of Saxons, [71];
  • death, [71];
  • ancestry, [71].
• Hôte, defined, [329].
• House of Commons, origin of, [307].
• House of Lords, origin of, [307].
• Hugh Capet, establishes Capetian dynasty, [177];
  • Adalbero urges election as king, [178]-[180];
  • crowned at Noyon, [180];
  • extent of dominions, [180].
• Humanism, rise of, [445];
  • Petrarch's love of the classics, [465]-[469].
• Humber River, [71], [74], [191].
• Hundred Years' War, causes, [418]-[419];
  • Edward III. and the Flemings, [421]-[424];
  • naval battle of Sluys, [424]-[427];
  • battle of Crécy, [427]-[436];
  • siege and sack of Limoges, [436]-[439];
  • treaty of Bretigny, [439], [441]-[442];
  • treaty of Troyes, [440], [443].
• Huns, threaten the Goths, [33]-[34], [42];
  • characterized by Claudius Claudianus, [43];
  • described by Ammianus Marcellinus, [43]-[46];
  • physical appearance, [44];
  • dress, [44];
  • mode of fighting, [45];
  • nomadic character, [45];
  • greed and quarrelsomeness, [46].
• Iacinthus, [199].
• Il Convito (by Dante), character of, [447];
  • quoted, [447]-[452].
• Immunity, in Roman law, [210];
  • feudal, [210]-[211];
  • formula for grant to bishop, [211]-[212];
  • grant to a monastery confirmed by Charlemagne, [212]-[214];
  • in an East German colony, [333].
• Incendiarism, in the Salic law, [63];
  • in the Burgundian law, [63].
• Ingeborg, wife of Philip Augustus, [380]-[381].
• Ingelheim, [108].
• Inghen, Marsilius, rector of University of Heidelberg, [345].
• Inheritance, in the Salic law, [66].
• Innocent III., King John's surrender to, [297];
  • confirms privileges of University of Paris, [341];
  • approves work of St. Francis, [362];
  • lays interdict on France, [380]-[383].
• Innocent IV., [403], [454].
• In Rufinum (by Claudius Claudianus), quoted, [43].
• Interdict, nature of, [380];
  • laid on France, [380]-[383].
• Interregnum, [334];
  • end of, [409]-[410].
• Investiture, lay, [261];
  • Henry IV.'s disregard of Gregory VII.'s decrees concerning, [265];
  • Paschal II.'s decree prohibiting, [278];
  • agreement of 1111 concerning, [278];
  • settlement of by Concordat of Worms, [279]-[281].
• Ireland, Christianity in, [72].
• Irene, deposes Constantine VI., [132].
• Irmensaule, destroyed by Charlemagne, [122].
• Irnerius, teacher of law at Bologna, [340].
• Isabella, mother of Edward III., [418]-[419];
  • excluded from French throne, [420].
• Islam (see [Koran], [Mohammed]).
• Italian (language), Dante's defense of, [446]-[452].
• Italy, Frederick Barbarossa and communes of, [398]-[399].
• Jerusalem, captured by Arabs, [282];
  • by the Seljuk Turks, [282].
• Jeufosse, Northmen winter at, [167].
• Jocelyn d'Avalon, receives fief from Thiebault of Troyes, [216].
• John, bishop of Ravenna, [91].
• John the Old Saxon, brought from Gaul by Alfred, [191].
• John, of England, character of reign, [297];
  • conference of magnates in opposition to, [298];
  • arranges truce with them, [299];
  • takes the cross, [300];
  • scorns the demands of the barons, [301];
  • loses London, [302];
  • consents to terms of Great Charter, [303].
• John XXIII., elected pope, [390];
  • deposed, [391].
• John, king of Bohemia, [421].
• John II. of France, taken captive at Poitiers, [439];
  • later career, [442].
• John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, [440].
• Joinville, Sire de, sketch of, [312];
  • biographer of St. Louis, [312].
• Judith of Bavaria, [149].
• Julian the Apostate, [271].
• Jurats, in Laon, [328].
• Jury, not provided for in Great Charter, [308].
• Justice, among the early Germans, [22];
  • among the Franks, [61]-[67];
  • among the Saxons, [121]-[123];
  • Charlemagne's provision for in capitulary for the missi, [138]-[139];
  • compurgation, [196];
  • ordeal, [196]-[197];
  • administration of in the universities, [342], [344], [349].
• Jutes, settle in Kent, [70].
• Karlmann, son of Charles Martel, [105].
• Kent, Saxons and Jutes settle in, [70];
  • Ethelbert, king of, [72], [74].
• Kingship, among the early Germans, [26].
• Knut VI., king of Denmark, [380].
• Koran, origin of, [97];
  • scope and character, [98];
  • essential teachings, [98];
  • translation, [99];
  • quoted, [99]-[104];
  • opening prayer, [99];
  • unity of God, [99];
  • the resurrection, [100];
  • the coming judgment, [100];
  • reward of the righteous, [101];
  • fate of the wicked, [101];
  • pleasures of paradise, [102]-[103];
  • torments of hell, [103]-[104].
• Kutuz, defeats Tartars, [317].
• La Broyes, Philip VI. at castle of, [435].
• La Ferté-sur-Aube, [216];
  • St. Bernard at, [256].
• L'Ancienne Coutume de Normandie, quoted, [217], [222]-[223], [224]-[225].
• Laon, [171];
  • charter of, [327]-[328].
• Law, character of among the early Germans, [27], [59]-[60];
  • codification under Roman influence, [60];
  • the Salic code, [60]-[67];
  • of Alfred the Great, [194]-[195];
  • revival of Roman, [339]-[340];
  • study of at University of Bologna, [340].
• Learning, revival under Charlemagne, [144]-[148];
  • decline after Charlemagne, [145];
  • Alfred on state of in England, [191]-[194];
  • decadence in England before the Conquest, [239];
  • revival in thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, [445];
  • Petrarch's love of the classics, [465]-[469].
• Legend of the Three Companions, quoted, [363]-[368], [376]-[378].
• Legnano, Frederick Barbarossa defeated at, [399].
• Leo I. (the Great), elected pope, [78];
  • sermon on the Petrine supremacy, [80]-[83].
• Leo III., [111];
  • driven from Rome, [130];
  • appeals to Charlemagne, [130];
  • crowns Charlemagne emperor, [130], [132]-[134].
• Leo IV., [160].
• Leo IX., [261].
• Leo, author of the Mirror of Perfection, [363].
• Liberal Arts, place in Charlemagne's system of education, [145];
  • Alfred laments his ignorance of, [189], [339].
• Liber Regulæ Pastoralis (by Pope Gregory I.), nature and value, [91];
  • translation of, [91];
  • quoted, [91]-[96];
  • qualities of the ideal pastor, [91]-[93], [96];
  • admonitions for various sorts of people, [94]-[95];
  • translated by Alfred, [186], [193].
• Libri Miraculorum (by Gregory of Tours), quoted, [198]-[200].
• Liège, Henry IV. dies at, [278].
• Limoges, siege of by the Black Prince, [436]-[439].
• Limousin, [437].
• Lindisfarne, plundered by Danes, [181].
• Little Flowers of St. Francis, [363].
• Loire, Clovis and Alaric meet on, [55];
  • Clovis's campaign beyond, [55]-[56];
  • Northmen on, [167].
• Lollards, tenets of, [475].
• Lombard League, formation of, [399];
  • Frederick Barbarossa's war upon, [399];
  • provisions of Peace of Constance regarding, [400]-[402].
• Lombards, conquered by Charlemagne, [112], [115].
• London, sacked by Danes, [181];
  • King John at, [299];
  • army of the barons arrives at, [302];
  • surrendered to the barons, [302];
  • treaty of, [439];
  • Wyclif's doctrines condemned in council at, [475].
• Lorris, model of franchise towns, [327];
  • charter of, [328]-[330].
• Lorsch, monastery at, [106];
  • Lesser Annals of, [106].
• Lothair, Charles and Louis combine against, [150];
  • defeated at Fontenay, [150];
  • oaths of Strassburg directed against, [151]-[154];
  • makes overtures for peace, [154];
  • lands received by treaty of Verdun, [155]-[156].
• Lotharingia, [155].
• Louis the Pious, capitulary on education, [145];
  • divides the Empire, [149].
• Louis the German, combines with Charles the Bald against Lothair, [150]-[151];
  • takes oath at Strassburg, [152]-[153];
  • lands received by treaty of Verdun, [155]-[156];
  • advances against the Wends, [158], [159], [160];
  • expeditions against the Bohemians, [160]-[161];
  • defeats the Northmen, [166].
• Louis the Stammerer, [174].
• Louis V., last direct Carolingian, [177].
• Louis VI. of France, ratifies charter of Laon, [327].
• Louis VII. of France, [215];
  • grants charter to Lorris, [327].
• Louis IX. of France, early career, [311], [313]-[314];
  • character, [311]-[312];
  • difficulties at beginning of reign, [314];
  • takes the cross, [314]-[315];
  • emulated by prominent nobles, [315];
  • in Cyprus, [316];
  • receives deputation from Khan of Tartary, [316]-[317];
  • arrival in Egypt, [318];
  • advances on Babylon (Cairo), [318];
  • operations on the lower Nile, [318]-[322];
  • negotiates treaty of Paris, [322];
  • personal traits, [323];
  • methods of dispensing justice, [323]-[324].
• Louis X. of France, [419].
• Louis XI. of France, seeks to revoke Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, [394].
• Louis IV., Emperor, allied with Edward III., [421].
• Luidhard, [75].
• Luitbert, brings sacred relics to the Freckenhorst, [163].
• Lyons, Council of, Frederick II. excommunicated at, [407].
• Mâcon, [248].
• Magdeburg, established, [331].
• Magna Charta, the winning of, [298]-[303];
  • agreed to at Runnymede, [303];
  • importance and character, [303]-[304];
  • translations, [305];
  • quoted, [305]-[310];
  • liberties of the English church, [305];
  • rate of reliefs, [306];
  • aids, [306];
  • the Great Council, [307];
  • writ de odio et âtia, [307]-[308];
  • personal liberties and prerogatives, [308];
  • freedom of commercial intercourse, [308]-[309];
  • means of enforcement, [309].
• Magna Moralia, written by Pope Gregory, [91].
• Mainz, a capital of Rhine League, [337];
  • archbishop of, to summon electors of the Empire, [412].
• Mallus, character, [61];
  • summonses to, [61];
  • complaint to be made before, [63].
• Manichæus, [388].
• Manzikert, Eastern emperor defeated at, [282].
• Mapes, Walter, Latin Poems attributed to, a source for mediæval students' songs, [352].
• Marcomanni, [32], [35].
• Marriage, of heiresses, right of lord to control, [224]-[225].
• Marseilles, St. Louis's companions embark at, [315].
• Marshall, William, surety for King John, [300]-[301].
• Martian, [69].
• Martin V., elected pope, [391];
  • and Council of Siena, [395].
• Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror, [234].
• Matilda, Countess, ally of Gregory VII., [274].
• Matthew Paris, [292];
  • Greater Chronicle of, quoted, [405]-[409].
• Maurice, [73].
• May-field, character of in Charlemagne's time, [142].
• Mayor of the Palace, rise of, [105];
  • office made hereditary, [105];
  • accession of Pepin the Short, [105];
  • latter becomes king, [107].
• Merovingians, decadence of, [105]-[106];
  • end with Childeric III., [105].
• Merovius, ancestor of Clovis, [50].
• Metz, [154];
  • diet of, [410];
  • electors of Empire to meet at, [416].
• Milan, Frederick Barbarossa destroys, [398]-[399].
• Ministeriales, functions of, [188].
• Missaticæ, [135].
• Missi dominici, [123];
  • Charlemagne's capitulary for, [134];
  • character and functions, [134]-[137];
  • employed by Charles Martel and Pepin the Short, [135];
  • to promulgate royal decrees, [141];
  • abuses of, [175]-[176];
  • in ninth century, [175]-[176].
• Mœsia, Visigoths settle in, [34].
• Mohammed, sayings comprised in Koran, [97];
  • principal teachings, [98].
• Monastery, formula for grant of precarium by, [209]-[210];
  • grant of immunity confirmed to, [212]-[214].
• Monasticism, rise of, [83]-[84];
  • character of in the East and West, [83];
  • abbey of St. Martin established, [83];
  • Monte Cassino established by St. Benedict, [84];
  • the Benedictine rule, [84]-[90];
  • character and functions of the abbot, [84]-[86];
  • prohibition of individual property-holding, [87];
  • manual labor, [88];
  • reading and study, [89];
  • hospitality, [89];
  • decadence in eighth and ninth centuries, [245];
  • the Cluniac reform, [245]-[246];
  • St. Bernard's reformation of, [250];
  • founding of Clairvaux, [256]-[258].
• Monotheism, set forth in the Koran, [99].
• Monte Cassino, monastery founded at, [84];
  • Karlmann withdraws to, [105].
• Montlhéri, St. Louis at, [314];
  • English army at, [439].
• Mortmain, prohibited by charter of Laon, [328].
• Murder, Charlemagne's legislation on, [141].
• Nantes, pillaged by Northmen, [165].
• Nazianzus, Gregory, bishop of, [93].
• Nerva, [34].
• New Forest, of William the Conqueror, [244].
• Nicæa, Council of, [198];
  • Seljuk Turks established at, [282];
  • crusaders converge at, [290].
• Nice, Visigoths advance toward, [38].
• Nicholas II., [269].
• Nile, St. Louis's operations on, [318].
• Nithardus, author of Historiarum Libri IV., [151];
  • career, [151].
• Nogaret, William of, captures Boniface VIII., [385].
• Noménoé, conflicts with Charles the Bald, [167].
• Normans, rapid civilization of, [233];
  • retain adventuresome disposition, [233];
  • in battle of Hastings, [236]-[238];
  • described by William of Malmesbury, [238]-[241].
• Normandy, ceded by Charles the Simple to Rollo, [172];
  • improvement under Norman régime, [173];
  • William the Bastard becomes duke of, [233]-[234];
  • English and French dispute possession of, [419].
• Northampton, castle of, besieged by the English barons, [301].
• Northmen, in Frisia and Gaul, [159]-[160];
  • in Frisia and Saxony, [162];
  • burn church of St. Martin at Tours, [162], [167];
  • motives of the Norse invasions, [163];
  • pillage, Nantes, [165];
  • winter at Rhé, [165];
  • ascend Garonne, [166];
  • in Spain, [166];
  • at Paris, [166];
  • in Frisia and Brittany, [166];
  • threaten Orleans, [167];
  • at Angers, [167];
  • pillage Orleans, [167];
  • plunder Pisa, [168];
  • besiege Paris, [168]-[171];
  • bought off by Charles the Fat, [171];
  • receive Normandy from Charles the Simple, [172];
  • become Christians, [173]. (See [Danes].)
• Notre Dame, cathedral school of, [340].
• Noyon, Hugh Capet crowned at, [180].
• Nuremberg, diet of, [410].
• Odo, becomes king of France, [168], [177];
  • defense of Paris, [169]-[170];
  • mission to Charles the Fat, [170]-[171].
• Odo, bishop of Bayeux, imprisoned by William the Conqueror, [243].
• Oppenheim, convention of, [274].
• Ordeal, nature of, [197];
  • use among Germanic peoples, [197];
  • various forms, [197];
  • an Arian presbyter tested by, [198]-[200];
  • by cold water described, [200]-[201];
  • Peter Bartholomew subjected to by fire, [201]-[202].
• Origen, [387].
• Orleans, threatened by the Northmen, [167];
  • pillaged by them, [167].
• Orosius, [186].
• Ostrogoths, fall before the Huns, [33].
• Otger, archbishop of Mainz, [152], [160].
• Otto I. of Germany, [331].
• Otto II. of Germany, loses ground to the Slavs, [331].
• Otto III. of Germany, [403].
• Otto IV. of Germany, [401];
  • crowned at Rome, [403];
  • defeated at Bouvines, [403].
• Oxford, Wyclif educated at, [474];
  • banishes Lollards, [475].
• Paderborn, Frankish assembly at, [119];
  • Pope Leo III. meets Charlemagne at, [130].
• Pagus, [25].
• Paradise, portrayed in the Koran, [102]-[103].
• Palace School, origin of, [144];
  • enlargement by Charlemagne, [112]-[113], [144]-[145].
• Papacy, views on origin of, [78]-[79];
  • reasons for growth, [78]-[79];
  • theory of Petrine supremacy, [79];
  • Pope Leo's sermon, [80]-[83];
  • Gregory becomes pope, [73], [90];
  • his literary efforts, [91];
  • describes functions of secular clergy, [91]-[96];
  • Pope Zacharias sanctions deposition of Merovingian line, [107];
  • Pope Leo III. crowns Charlemagne emperor, [130]-[134];
  • Cluny's relations with, [249];
  • Gregory VII.'s conception of, [262]-[264];
  • Gregory VII.'s claim to authority over temporal princes, [266];
  • Henry IV.'s rejection of claim of, [270];
  • Calixtus II. agrees to Concordat of Worms, [278]-[281];
  • relations of friars with, [361];
  • St. Francis's attitude towards, [375], [377]-[378];
  • and temporal powers in later Middle Ages, [380]-[397];
  • contest of Innocent III. and Philip Augustus, [380]-[383];
  • Boniface VIII.'s bull Unam Sanctam, [383]-[388];
  • Babylonian Captivity, [383], [389];
  • Great Schism, [389]-[390];
  • declarations of Councils of Pisa and Constance, [390]-[393];
  • provisions of Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges regarding powers of, [395]-[397];
  • conflicts with Frederick II., [405]-[409];
  • Dante enumerates theories in defense of, [453]-[455];
  • defines true position of, [456]-[462];
  • Wyclif's ideas concerning, [475]-[477].
• Paris, Clovis's capital, [57];
  • his death at, [59];
  • Northmen at, [166];
  • Northmen prepare to besiege, [168];
  • attack upon, [169]-[171];
  • importance of siege, [171];
  • treaty of (1259), [322];
  • treaty of (1396), [439].
• Paris, University of, origin, [340];
  • privileges granted to students by Philip Augustus, [341], [343]-[345];
  • Heidelberg modelled on, [346];
  • case of Great Schism laid before, [390];
  • proposals regarding Schism, [371]-[392].
• Paschal II., accession to papacy, [278];
  • decree prohibiting lay investiture, [278];
  • relations with Henry V., [278].
• Patrocinium, a prototype of vassalage, [204].
• Paul the Deacon, in Charlemagne's Palace School, [144].
• Paulinus of Aquileia, in Charlemagne's Palace School, [144].
• Pavia, taken by Charlemagne, [112].
• Peace of God, decreed by Church councils, [229];
  • decree of Council of Toulouges, [229]-[232].
• Pelagius II., sends Gregory to Constantinople, [90].
• Penalties, in the Salic law, [62]-[65];
  • in Charlemagne's De Partibus Saxoniæ, [121]-[123];
  • in Alfred's legislation, [194]-[195];
  • for violation of an immunity, [214];
  • for violation of Peace and Truce of God, [230]-[232].
• Pepin the Short, son of Charles Martel, [105];
  • mayor of the palace, [105];
  • sends deputation to Pope Zacharias, [106];
  • crowned by Pope Stephen III., [106];
  • advised to take title of king, [107];
  • anointed by Boniface at Soissons, [107].
• Pepin, grandson of Louis the Pious, [152], [158].
• Peter Bartholomew, subjected to ordeal by fire, [198], [201]-[202].
• Peter of Catana, minister-general of Franciscans, [370].
• Peter of Pisa, brought to Charlemagne's court, [112];
  • in the Palace School, [144].
• Petrarch, career of, [462]-[463];
  • part in the Renaissance, [463];
  • writings, [464]-[465];
  • love of the classics, [465]-[469];
  • letter to Posterity, [469]-[473].
• Petrine Supremacy, theory of, [79];
  • Pope Leo's sermon on, [80]-[83];
  • mediæval acceptance of, [79];
  • theory of stated by Gregory VII., [267];
  • allusion to in Unam Sanctam, [386];
  • Dante's conception of, [456]-[457].
• Pfahlburgers, provision of Rhine League concerning, [337].
• Philip II. (Augustus) of France, privileges granted to students by, [343]-[345];
  • contest with Innocent III., [380]-[383];
  • imposes Saladin tithe, [390].
• Philip IV. (the Fair) of France, contest with Boniface VIII., [383]-[385];
  • convenes States General, [385];
  • sons of, [419].
• Philip V. of France, [419].
• Philip VI. of France, acquires the Dauphiné, [395];
  • accession of, [420];
  • advances with army to Crécy, [430]-[431];
  • defeated at Crécy, [433]-[436].
• Philip of Hohenstaufen, [402]-[403].
• Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, [440].
• Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, [440].
• Philippa, wife of Edward III., [425].
• Piacenza, Council of, [283].
• Picts, menace the Britons, [68];
  • Saxons called in against, [69]
  • Saxons ally with, [71].
• Pilgrimages, to Jerusalem, [282]-[283].
• Pisa, Council of, convened, [390];
  • declarations of, [392]-[393].
• Plato, Petrarch loans a volume of, [469].
• Plegmund, archbishop of Canterbury, [190].
• Pliny the Elder, probably used by Tacitus, [23].
• Poitiers, [55], [56];
  • battle of, [418].
• Pontus, [35].
• Posidonius of Rhodes, probably used by Tacitus, [23].
• Prague, University of founded, [345].
• Precarium, nature of, [206];
  • prototype of the benefice, [206]-[207];
  • example of grant, [207]-[210].
• Principes, among the early Germans, [27]-[28];
  • conduct in battle, [28].
• Prudence, bishop of Troyes, [165].
• Quadi, [35].
• Quadrivium, [145], [339].
• Ragnachar, kinsman of Clovis, [51];
  • slain, [58]-[59].
• Raymond of Agiles, account of ordeal by fire, [201]-[202].
• Raymond, count of Toulouse, letter to Arnold Atton, [227]-[228].
• Raymond of St. Gilles, [294]-[295].
• Ravenna, Dante's death at, [446].
• Reformation, foreshadowings of, [474]-[477].
• Regalia, in Concordat of Worms, [279]-[280];
  • claimed by Frederick Barbarossa, [398];
  • grant of to Lombard cities, [400]-[401].
• Relief, defined, [223], [225];
  • origin, [225]-[226];
  • examples, [226];
  • rate fixed by Great Charter, [306].
• Religion, of the early Germans, [21];
  • rise of Mohammedanism, [97]-[104];
  • the Koran quoted, [99]-[104];
  • Charlemagne's zeal for, [113].
• Remigius, bishop of Rheims, [54].
• Renaissance (Carolingian), conditions preceding, [144];
  • Charlemagne's part in, [145]-[146].
• Renaissance (Italian), nature of, [444]-[445];
  • career of Dante, [446]-[447];
  • Dante's defense of Italian as literary language, [446]-[452];
  • Dante's conception of the imperial power, [452]-[462];
  • career and writings of Petrarch, [462]-[465];
  • Petrarch's love of the classics, [465]-[469];
  • his letter to Posterity, [469]-[473].
• Rerum Gestarum Libri qui Supersunt (by Ammianus Marcellinus), quoted, [34]-[37], [38]-[41], [43]-[46].
• Reserve, nature of, [396].
• Resurrection, portrayed in the Koran, [100].
• Rhé, Northmen winter at, [165].
• Rhine, the Roman frontier, [19]-[20];
  • trade in vicinity of, [30], [32].
• Rhine League, conditions influencing formation, [334];
  • instituted at Worms, [335];
  • restrictions imposed on members, [335];
  • treatment of enemies of, [335]-[336];
  • capitals, [337];
  • governing body, [337];
  • military preparations, [338].
• Richar, slain by Clovis, [59].
• Richer, author of Four Books of Histories, [178].
• Rivo Torto, St. Francis at, [369].
• Robert I., [169], [177].
• Robert the Strong, [168], [177].
• Robert the Monk, version of Pope Urban's speech, [283]-[288].
• Robert of Artois, connection with Hundred Years' War, [423].
• Robertians, [168];
  • rivalry with Carolingians, [177].
• Roger de Hoveden, [292].
• Roger of Wendover, account of the winning of the Great Charter, [298]-[303], [404].
• Roland, Song of, [236].
• Rollo, receives Normandy from Charles the Simple, [172];
  • baptized, [172];
  • improvement of Normandy, [173].
• Romans, conquest of Gaul by, [19];
  • travelers and traders in Germany, [23], [32];
  • defeat of Varus, [32];
  • put on the defensive, [32];
  • early contact with the Germans, [32]-[33];
  • alarmed by reports of Gothic restlessness, [35];
  • mistreat the Visigoths, [37];
  • defeated at Adrianople, [39]-[41];
  • withdraw garrisons from Britain, [68].
• Roman Empire, filtration of Germans into, [33];
  • efforts to enlarge to the northward, [19], [32];
  • Visigoths desire to enter, [34];
  • Visigoths settle in, [36]-[37];
  • relation of Charlemagne's empire to, [131]-[132].
• Romanus Diogenes, defeated at Manzikert, [282].
• Rome, development of papacy at, [78]-[79];
  • Pepin the Short sends deputation to, [106];
  • Charlemagne's visits to, [111], [114];
  • Charlemagne crowned at, [130], [132]-[134];
  • plundered by the Saracens, [160].
• Romulus Augustulus, [131].
• Roncesvalles, Count Roland slain at, [236].
• Rorik, leader of Northmen, [161].
• Rouen, Odo, bishop of Bayeux, imprisoned at, [243].
• Rudolph I., of Hapsburg, elected emperor, [409].
• Rudolfi Fuldensis Annales, quoted, [156].
• Rufinus, companion of St. Francis, [363].
• Rule, of St. Francis, drawn up, [373]-[374];
  • quoted, [375]-[376].
• Runnymede, Great Charter promulgated at, [303].
• Rupert I., founds University of Heidelberg, [345].
• Sacrosancta, decree of, [391].
• St. Albans, [298].
• St. Andrew, monastery of, established, [90].
• St. Augustine, author of De Civitate Dei, [111].
• St. Benedict, career of, [84];
  • service to European monasticism, [84];
  • Rule of, [84]-[90].
• St. Bernard, times of, [250];
  • founds Clairvaux, [250];
  • biography of, [251];
  • birth and parentage, [251];
  • early traits, [252];
  • decides to become a monk, [252]-[253];
  • at Châtillon, [254];
  • enters Cîteaux,254
  • obtains ability to reap, [255];
  • piety and knowledge of Scriptures, [255]-[256];
  • goes forth from Cîteaux, [256];
  • founds monastery at Clairvaux, [256]-[257].
• St. Bonaventura, author of official life of St. Francis, [363].
• Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, treaty of, [172].
• St. David, [181].
• St. Dionysius, [387].
• St. Dominic, founder of Dominican order, [360].
• St. Edmund's, magnates of England assemble at, [298].
• St. Francis, early career, [362];
  • sources of information on, [362];
  • youthful follies, [364];
  • redeeming qualities, [364];
  • change in manner of life, [365]-[366];
  • zeal in charity, [366]-[367];
  • begs alms at Rome, [367];
  • overcomes aversion to lepers, [368];
  • refuses to dwell in an adorned cell, [369];
  • humiliates himself publicly, [370]-[371];
  • love for the larks, [371]-[372];
  • regard for all created things, [372]-[373];
  • draws up his Rule, [373]-[374];
  • the Rule quoted, [375];
  • the will of, [376]-[378];
  • attitude toward the existing Church, [375], [377]-[378];
  • enjoins poverty and labor, [377]-[379].
• St. Germain des Prés, [165], [169].
• St. Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, [56].
• St. Jerome, translation of Scriptures, [193];
  • cited by Petrarch, [468].
• St. Louis (see [Louis IX].).
• St. Marcellus, Church of, [212].
• St. Martin (of Tours), career of, [48];
  • shrine of visited by pilgrims, [48];
  • Clovis's respect for, [55], [57];
  • church at Canterbury dedicated to, [77];
  • monastery at Tours dedicated to, [83];
  • church of burned by Northmen, [162], [167].
• St. Peter, Christ's commission to, [79], [81].
• St. Peter, Church of, Charlemagne's gifts to, [114];
  • Charlemagne crowned in, [133];
  • fortified, [161].
• St. Quentin, Fulrad abbot of, [142];
  • Dudo, dean of, [165].
• Savigny, granted as fief to bishop of Beauvais, [215].
• Saisset, Bernard, offends Philip the Fair, [384].
• Salerno, University of, [341].
• Salic law, cited, [25];
  • date, [60];
  • character, [60];
  • editions and translation, [61];
  • monetary system in, [61];
  • summonses to meetings of the local courts, [61];
  • theft, [62];
  • robbery with assault, [63];
  • incendiarism, [63];
  • deeds of violence, [63];
  • use of poison or witchcraft, [64];
  • slander, [64];
  • trespass, [65];
  • homicide, [65];
  • right of migration, [66];
  • debt, [66];
  • inheritance, [66]-[67];
  • wergeld, [67].
• Saracens, plunder Rome, [160];
  • Italian league against, [160];
  • renew devastation, [161];
  • in possession of the Holy Land, [282];
  • combats with crusaders, [292]-[296];
  • project to turn the Tartars against, [317];
  • operations against St. Louis, [318]-[322];
  • Frederick II. accused of friendly relations with, [405]-[407].
• Saxon Chronicle, quoted, [241]-[244].
• Saxons, conquer Britain while yet pagans, [49];
  • infest British coasts, [68];
  • appear at Thanet, [69];
  • called in by Britons, [69];
  • settlement in Britain, [70];
  • ally with Picts, [71];
  • conquest of Britain, [71]-[72];
  • pagan character, [72];
  • Christianization begun, [73]-[77];
  • in Charlemagne's day, [115]-[117];
  • problem of conquest, [115]-[116];
  • lack of natural frontier, [117];
  • faithlessness, [117];
  • transplanted in part to Gaul, [117];
  • Charlemagne's peace with, [118];
  • massacre at Verden, [117];
  • formula for acceptance of Christianity, [118];
  • Charlemagne's capitularies concerning, [118]-[123];
  • provisions for establishment of Christianity among, [120]-[122];
  • penalties for persistence in paganism, [122];
  • fugitive criminals, [123];
  • public assemblies, [123].
• Scheldt River, [58].
• Schism, Great, origin, [389]-[390];
  • plans of University of Paris to end, [391]-[392];
  • Councils of Pisa and Constance, [390]-[393];
  • stops proceedings against Wyclif, [475].
• Schools (see [Education]).
• Scots, menace the Britons, [68];
  • Saxons called in against, [69].
• Scutage, increased by King John, [297];
  • method of raising specified in Great Charter, [306].
• Scythia, [43].
• Seine, Northmen on, [166], [168].
• Seligenstadt, Einhard at, [109].
• Selwood, Alfred at, [184].
• Senlis, meeting of Frankish magnates at, [178].
• Sens, given over to Northmen to plunder, [171].
• Septimania, conquered by Childebert, [57].
• Septuagint, [192].
• Serfs, fugitive, [138].
• Sergius II., [158].
• Senlac (see Hastings).
• Siegfred, leads siege of Paris, [168].
• Siena, Council of, [395].
• Sigibert the Lame, slain by son's agents, [57].
• Sigismund, appealed to by John XXIII., [391].
• Simony, [261];
  • Henry IV.'s councilors condemned for, [264].
• Slander, in the Salic law, [64].
• Slavery, among the early Germans, [31].
• Slavs, location in Charlemagne's day, [330];
  • German encroachment upon, [331].
• Sluys, naval battle of, [424]-[427].
• Soana, Hildebrand born at, [261].
• Soissons, capital of Syagrius's kingdom, [51];
  • Clovis defeats Syagrius at, [51];
  • episode of the broken vase, [51]-[52];
  • Pepin the Short anointed at, [107];
  • council at, [381].
• Solidus, value, [61].
• Spain, invaded by Northmen, [166].
• Spanish March, annexed to Charlemagne's kingdom, [115].
• Speculum Perfectionis (by Brother Leo), quoted, [368]-[373].
• Speyer, Henry IV. flees from, [274].
• Stamford, English barons meet at, [300].
• Stamford Bridge, Harold Hardrada defeated at, [234].
• Stephen, abbot of Cîteaux, [254].
• Stephen III., crowns Pepin the Short, [106].
• Stephen IX., [261].
• Stephen of Blois, sketch of, [292];
  • letter to his wife, [292]-[296];
  • recounts experiences of crusaders, [293];
  • describes siege of Antioch, [293]-[296].
• Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, [298], [299].
• Strassburg, battle of won by Clovis, [49], [50], [53];
  • results, [53]-[54];
  • oaths of Charles and Louis at, [150], [152]-[154];
  • linguistic and historical significance, [150]-[151].
• Strassfurt, Frankish assembly at, [142].
• Students, privileges granted to by Frederick I., [341]-[343];
  • by Philip Augustus, [343]-[345];
  • itinerant character of, [351]-[352];
  • songs of, [353]-[359].
• Subasio, Mount, St. Francis seeks seclusion at, [370].
• Suetonius, [34];
  • as model for Einhard, [109].
• Suevi, described by Cæsar, [21].
• Swanwich, Danes defeated at, [183].
• Syagrius, "king of the Romans," [50]-[51];
  • defeated by Clovis at Soissons, [51];
  • takes refuge with Alaric, [51];
  • surrendered and put to death, [51].
• Sylvester II. (Gerbert), [283].
• Syria, overrun by Arabs, [282];
  • partially recovered, [282];
  • conquered by Seljuk Turks, [282];
  • described by Pope Urban, [286];
  • crusaders in, [293]-[296].
• Tacitus, describes the Germans in his Germania, [23]-[31];
  • sources of information, [23];
  • object in writing, [23]-[24].
• Tartary, Khan of, sends deputation to St. Louis, [316]-[317].
• Taxation, not developed among the early Germans, [29].
• Templars, in England, [299];
  • Turks attack, [319].
• Tertullian, [72].
• Tescelin, father of St. Bernard, [251].
• Teutoberg Forest, Varus defeated at, [32].
• Teutones, [32].
• Thames, Danes appear on, [181].
• Thanet, Saxons appear at, [69];
  • conceded to them by Vortigern, [70];
  • population, [75];
  • Augustine lands at, [75].
• Theft, in the Salic law, [62];
  • Charlemagne's legislation on, [141].
• Thiebault, count palatine of Troyes, grants fief to Jocelyn d'Avalon, [216].
• Thrace, selected as a haven by the Visigoths, [35];
  • conceded to them by Valens, [36].
• Toulouges, Council of, decrees Peace and Truce of God, [229]-[232].
• Toulouse, Visigothic capital, [51];
  • Syagrius takes refuge at, [51].
• Tours, Gregory, bishop of, [47]-[48];
  • monastery and shrine of St. Martin at, [48];
  • Alaric and Clovis meet near, [55];
  • monastery at dedicated to St. Martin, [83];
  • truce of, [439].
• Towns, lack of among the early Germans, [29];
  • prevalence in Græco-Roman world, [29];
  • use of in France, [325];
  • origins of, [325]-[326];
  • classes of, [326]-[327];
  • charter of Laon, [327]-[328];
  • charter of Lorris, [328]-[330].
• Trajan, wars in the Rhine country, [23].
• Trespass, in the Salic law, [65].
• Tribur, conference of German nobles at, [274]-[275].
• Trivium, [145], [339].
• Troyes, county of, [215].
• Troyes, treaty of, negotiated, [440]-[441];
  • provisions of, [443].
• Truce of God, decreed by church councils, [229];
  • decree of Council of Toulouges, [229]-[232];
  • reissued by Council of Clermont, [286].
• Turks, Seljuk, invasions of, [282];
  • ravages depicted by Pope Urban, [285];
  • defeated by crusaders, [293];
  • attack the Templars, [318];
  • operations against St. Louis, [318]-[322].
• Unam Sanctam, issued by Boniface VIII., [383]-[385];
  • quoted, [385]-[388].
• Universities, origins of in Middle Ages, [339];
  • patronage of by Church and temporal powers, [340];
  • privileges granted to students by Frederick I., [341]-[343];
  • by Philip Augustus, [343]-[345];
  • rise in Germany, [345];
  • charter of Heidelberg, [345]-[350];
  • student songs, [351]-[359].
• Unstrutt, Henry IV.'s victory at, [265].
• Urban II., appealed to by Alexius Comnenus, [283];
  • speech at Clermont, [283]-[288];
  • appeal to the French, [284]-[285];
  • enumerates reasons for a crusade, [285]-[287];
  • results of speech, [287]-[288].
• Urban VI., approves foundation of University of Heidelberg, [346];
  • elected pope, [389];
  • Wyclif's letter to, [475]-[477].
• Valens, Visigoths send embassy to, [35];
  • flattered into acceding to their request, [36];
  • seeks to quell Visigothic uprising, [37]-[38];
  • rash resolve to attack, [38];
  • defeat, [41].
• Valentinian I., [35].
• Valentinian III., [69].
• Varus, defeated at the Teutoberg Forest, [32].
• Vassalage, origins, [204]-[205];
  • relations with patrocinium and comitatus, [205];
  • commendation defined, [205];
  • formula for commendation, [205]-[206];
  • relation to benefice, [207];
  • obligations of, [220]-[221].
• Vecta, [71].
• Venice, treaty of, [399].
• Verden, massacre of Saxons at, [117].
• Verdun, treaty of, [154]-[156];
  • territorial division by, [155].
• Vicarius, functions, [176].
• Victgilsus, [71].
• Vienna, University of, founded, [345].
• Villages, among the early Germans, [30].
• Villes franches, nature of, [326]-[327].
• Villes libres, nature of, [326];
  • Laon as an example, [327]-[328].
• Vincennes, [323].
• Viscount, functions, [176].
• Visigoths, invasion of the Roman Empire described by Ammianus Marcellinus, [32]-[41];
  • receive Dacia from Aurelian, [33];
  • threatened by the Huns, [33];
  • select Thrace as a haven, [35];
  • send embassy to Valens, [35];
  • receive the desired permission, [36];
  • cross the Danube, [36]-[37];
  • terms of the settlement, [37];
  • mistreated by the Romans, [37];
  • rise in revolt, [37];
  • Valens resolves to attack, [38];
  • advance toward Nice, [38];
  • defeat the Romans at Adrianople, [39]-[41];
  • Alaric, king of, [51], [54]-[55];
  • defeated by Clovis, [56];
  • Amalaric, king of, retreats to Spain, [56];
  • new capital at Toledo, [56].
• Vita Caroli Magni (by Einhard), purpose, [109];
  • value, [109];
  • translation of, [109], [116];
  • quoted, [109]-[114], [116]-[118].
• Vitæ Pontificorum Romanorum, quoted, [133]-[134].
• Vortigern, king of the Britons, [68];
  • invites Saxons into Britain, [69].
• Vortimer, [71].
• Vulcan, worshipped by the Germans, [21], [26].
• Vouillé, Clovis defeats Alaric at, [56].
• Vulgate, [193];
  • origin of, [468].
• Wager of battle, discouraged by the Church, [197].
• Wales, Christianity in, [72].
• Wardship, nature of, [224];
  • conditions of prescribed by Norman custom, [224]-[225];
  • conditions of defined in Great Charter, [306].
• Warfare, of the early Germans, [22], [25]-[26], [28]-[29];
  • of the Huns, [45];
  • prevalence in feudal times, [228]-[229];
  • efforts to restrict, [229];
  • decline of feudal, [428].
• Weapons, of the early Germans, [24];
  • of the Huns, [45].
• Wedmore, treaty of, [185].
• Wends, [158], [159], [160].
• Werfrith, bishop of Worcester, [189];
  • Alfred's letter to, [191]-[194].
• Wergeld, [65];
  • in the Salic law, [67], [141].
• Werwulf, of Mercia, [190].
• Westminster, William the Conqueror wears crown at, [242].
• Widukind, account of Saxon conquest, [116].
• William of Aquitaine, letter of Fulbert of Chartres to, [220]-[221].
• William the Conqueror, power as duke of Normandy, [233];
  • claims to throne of England, [234];
  • prepares to invade England, [234];
  • makes ready for battle, [236];
  • his strategem at Hastings, [236]-[237];
  • his valor in battle, [237];
  • his government described in the Saxon Chronicle, [241]-[244];
  • religious zeal, [242];
  • extent of his authority, [243];
  • forest laws, [244].
• William, count of Flanders, homage and fealty to, [218]-[219].
• William of Holland, claimant to imperial title, [334].
• William of Jumièges, [165].
• William of Malmesbury, sketch of, [235];
  • author of Chronicle of the Kings of England, [235], [288].
• William the Pious, issues charter for monastery at Cluny, [245];
  • motives for benefaction, [247];
  • land and other property ceded, [247]-[248].
• William of St. Thierry, biographer of St. Bernard, [251], [258].
• Wilton, Alfred fights the Danes at, [182].
• Winchester, William the Conqueror wears crown at, [242];
  • King John holds court at, [299].
• Witan, [194].
• Witchcraft, in the Salic law, [64].
• Woden, [26], [49], [50], [71], [72], [119], [197].
• Worcester, Werfrith, bishop of, [189].
• Worms, [154];
  • council at decrees that Gregory VII. should abdicate, [270];
  • diet at, [279];
  • Concordat of, [279]-[281];
  • Rhine League formed at, [335];
  • with Mainz, to be League's capital, [337];
  • jurisdiction of bishop of over University of Heidelberg, [348], [350].
• Wyclif, career of, [474]-[475].
• Zacharias, consulted by Pepin the Short, [106];
  • advises him to take title of king, [107].
• Zaid, collects sayings of Mohammed, [97].

ESSENTIALS IN MEDIAEVAL
AND MODERN HISTORY

From Charlemagne to the Present Day

By SAMUEL BANNISTER HARDING, Ph.D., Professor of European History, Indiana University, in consultation with ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, LL.D., Professor of History, Harvard University.

$1.50

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Essentials in Mediaeval History$1.00

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The difficulties usually encountered in treating mediaeval and modern history are here overcome by an easy and satisfactory method. By this plan Italy, France, Germany, and England are taken up in turn as each becomes the central figure on the world's stage. The first part of the book is devoted to the period previous to the Reformation; the second to modern history from the Reformation to the French Revolution; and the remainder to the century and a quarter since the occurrence of that great event. This arrangement gives an opportunity to discuss the greatness of England, the unification of Italy and of Germany, and the present organization of Europe under control of the concert of powers, on the same plane as the Crusades, or the Thirty Years' War, or the age of Louis XIV.