[219] Louis, a half-brother of Charles the Bald, who had received the eastern portion of Charlemagne's empire by the settlement of 843.
[220] Frisia, or Friesland, was the northernmost part of the kingdom of Lothair.
[221] That is, in Brittany.
[222] Noménoé was a native chief of the Britons. Charles the Bald made many efforts to reduce him to obedience, but with little success. In 848 or 849 he took the title of king. During his brief reign (which ended in 851) he invaded Charles's dominions and wrought almost as much destruction as did the Northmen themselves.
[223] Tours, Blois, and Orleans were all situated within a range of a hundred miles along the lower Loire.
[224] Chartres was some eighty miles northwest of Orleans.
[225] About midway between Nantes and Tours.
[226] Poitiers was about seventy miles southwest of Tours.
[227] Valence was on the Rhone, nearly a hundred and fifty miles back from the Mediterranean coast.
[228] The Northmen who ravaged France really had no kings, but only military chieftains.