[369] Bernard was the third son.
[370] About sixty miles southeast of Troyes.
[371] Cîteaux (established by Odo, duke of Burgundy, in 1098) was near Dijon in Burgundy.
[372] Stephen Harding, an Englishman, succeeded Alberic as abbot of Cîteaux in 1113.
[373] Châtillon was about twelve miles south of La Ferté. The latter was fifty miles southeast of Troyes and only half as far from Chaumont, despite the author's statement that, it lay midway between the two places. The Aube is an important tributary of the upper Seine.
[374] The famous founder of the monastery of Monte Cassino and the compiler of the Benedictine Rule [see [p. 83]].
[375] The incumbent of the papal office was at the same time bishop of Rome, temporal sovereign of the papal lands, and head of the church universal. In earlier times there was always danger that the third of these functions be lost and that the papacy revert to a purely local institution, but by Gregory VII.'s day the universal headship was clearly recognized throughout the West as inherent in the office. It was only when there arose the question as to how far this headship justified the Pope in attempting to control the affairs of the world that serious disagreement manifested itself.
[376] That is, without giving them a hearing at a later date.
[377] On the basis of the forged Donation of Constantine the Pope claimed the right here mentioned. There was no proper warrant for it.
[378] "This is the first distinct assertion of the exclusive right of the bishop of Rome to the title of pope, once applied to all bishops." Robinson, Readings in European History, Vol. I., p. 274. The word pope is derived from papa (father). It is still used as the common title of all priests in the Greek Church.