The invasion is usually abrupt and during the daytime; the patient can often fix the very hour of its occurrence, a severe chill attacking him while at work or at meal-time. This is the most common initial symptom (138 out of 168 our cases of sudden invasion); less commonly, obstinate vomiting and nausea or sudden vertigo are the first symptoms (each 8 times out of 168), or violent headache (14 times out of 168), or sharp epigastric pain. Parry also observed that the occurrence of obstinate and profuse vomiting as the initial symptom was especially frequent in children.
The physiognomy is carefully noted in one hundred and seventy of our records. The countenance is often flushed, with watery eyes and anxious, suffering expression. The flush is less dingy and dull than in typhus; the eye is comparatively rarely injected; and the expression is much less dull and stupid than in that disease. In cases where grave nervous symptoms supervene and the typhoid condition is developed the facies assumes all the characteristics of that state.
The livid bronzing of the face, described by Cormack in 1843 and by Carter (Bombay epidemic of 1877), was noticed in a moderate degree in only nine of our cases, and seems to be of infrequent occurrence. When we observed it it seemed due to an admixture of a faint jaundice tinge with a deep flush. Jaundice, as already stated, is of common occurrence, though its frequency varies greatly in different epidemics. It was present in 25 per cent. of our cases, rather more frequently in the negro patients than in whites, and in degree varied from a slight tinge of the conjunctiva and skin to the deepest staining of the entire body. The presence of jaundice in combination with the general features of high fever imparts a most peculiar and alarming appearance to such patients.
With the occurrence of the crisis the flush rapidly subsides and the face becomes pale, or, if the discharges have been profuse, it may appear sunken, haggard, and almost choleraic. Parry described a peculiar puffed, velvety look at this stage, as though the skin had been much thickened and softened at the same time.
There is no characteristic eruption in relapsing fever. In 150 out of 180 cases where the condition of the skin was carefully noted there was no eruption of any kind; in 4 cases there were small roseolar spots, with peculiar subcuticular mottling, which resembled the early stages of typhus eruption, but soon faded away without becoming petechial. A similar eruption was noticed by Murchison in 8 out of 600 cases. It appears from the third to the seventh day of the first paroxysm; it may or may not recur in the relapse, or it may occur then only. Eruptions apparently similar to this have been described by others as quite common in certain epidemics. Carter describes minutely an eruption which was noted in at least 10 per cent. of his Bombay cases, the spots of which were at first small, slightly raised, and pinkish or rose-colored, and which either faded away soon or changed into purplish, more persistent stains. In a valuable report on the Königsberg epidemic of 1879-80, Meschede10 remarks that roseola was observed in cases complicated by exanthematic typhus, which prevailed simultaneously, but in no case of uncomplicated relapsing fever. While, however, this suggestion may apply to some few of the cases of eruption observed by others, it is certainly inapplicable to the vast majority of them. We also noticed an eruption of pale-reddish, slightly elevated papules in seven cases. It must be borne in mind that persons of such a low class as are the great majority of relapsing-fever patients would naturally be expected to present a variety of cutaneous eruptions from filth or vermin, and that in consequence some of the appearances above described may have been of such origin. It is certain that the bites of either mosquitoes, fleas, or bedbugs may in this disease be followed by persistent reddish papules passing into petechiæ. Apart from this, however, true petechiæ have been quite common in some epidemics, while very rare in others. Parry saw "small spots of purpura" once only, in a delicate girl; and we did not observe petechiæ once in several hundred cases, many of which had extensive internal ecchymoses. On the other hand, they have been found in as much as 30 per cent. of all cases (314 out of 1000 cases, Smith at Glasgow). They do not appear on any fixed day, but are more common in the first paroxysm than in the relapses; and although sometimes associated with a tendency to hemorrhages from other surfaces, they have been so often observed in cases of ordinary severity that scarce any unfavorable prognostic value can be attached to them.
10 Virchow's Arch., Bd. lxxxvii., p. 405.
Vibices and extensive ecchymoses of the surface are of much more grave import, and in cases where fatal sinking is threatened they may appear accompanying a purplish lividity of the countenance.
Herpetic eruptions about the mouth or nostrils were observed in 20 out of 181 of our cases in which this point is noted. They appeared usually toward the close of the febrile stage, and their development was found to have value in determining the approach of the crisis. Bärensprung mentions especially the occurrence of herpes labialis in cases of irregular relapsing fever which bore considerable resemblance to typhus. Sudamina are, as might be expected in a disease attended with so much sweating, of quite common occurrence, though much more so in some epidemics than in others, unless searched for with greater care by the one set of observers. Desquamation was noted in 42 out of 181 of our cases, and invariably at the close of the relapse. It was usually confined to the hands and face, and occurred in the form of comparatively small flakes. This is more frequent than has been the case in most epidemics. Murchison quotes a case in which a piece of epidermis ten inches square separated from the body of a lad convalescent from relapsing fever.
A peculiar odor exhaling from patients with relapsing fever has been repeatedly noticed. A description of this unpleasant symptom, given by Kelly, as quoted by Murchison,11 accords closely with what was frequently manifest in our own cases: "The smell was peculiar, not fetid or heavy, but somewhat like burning straw with a musty odor." Carter, in describing a similar odor in some of his cases, notes that the skin was not in these instances in a particularly foul state.
11 Op. cit., p. 346.