A system of practical medicine. By American authors. Vol. 2

by Unknown

The number of fecal evacuations and the quantity discharged have been shown by Bischoff and Voit to depend, to some extent, upon the character of the food ingested, vegetable diet producing abundant, and animal diet scanty, stools. Doubtless, the quality of the food partly explains the quantity of the alvine evacuation, although, to some extent, this must depend upon the time that the feces remain in the colon, a long residence there taking away a greater part of the watery constituents and making the fecal mass thicker and harder; but the variations in the number of stools in persons living on the same diet can only be explained by the variations in the activity of the peristaltic action in different individuals, or in the same individual at different periods and under different surroundings.

The causes of habitual constipation are of the most varied and diversified character, and it is not always possible in an individual case to point out the original or primary one. Not unfrequently several causes are in operation at the same time to produce sluggishness of the intestinal canal and constipation. Very often it begins with change of scene and habits, by which the daily visit to the water-closet is interfered with, or after confinement to bed with some temporary indisposition. It is more likely to occur in men and women whose habits are sedentary and who are constitutionally lazy and indolent. The feces are allowed to remain in the rectum and colon, and every hour after the ordinary time for going to stool diminishes the watery parts of the fecal mass and makes it harder and more consistent. Many cases of chronic constipation, begun in this way, have ended in dilatation and thickening of the intestine, ulceration of the mucous membrane, and, eventually, perforation of the coats and escape of the contents of the gut into the peritoneal cavity. Rapid excretion of water by the kidneys, lungs, and skin produces constipation by withdrawing a large proportion of the water from the fecal mass, rendering it unnaturally dry and of diminished bulk. In diabetes, constipation arises from this cause unless the patient makes up the loss by drinking an unusually large quantity of water. Constipation in nursing-women is explained by the loss of water in the secretion of milk. The profuse sweating which attends malarial fever, phthisis, and other diseases readily accounts for the constipation which often accompanies these disorders.

Certain articles of food not necessary to mention here produce constipation. They fail to excite peristaltic action; or articles of diet which at first act as a stimulus to the bowels, and even provoke temporary diarrhoea, lose their power if kept up too long—just as certain purgative medicines lose their force if continued for too long a period. Gradually they cease to increase the peristaltic action, and rather add than otherwise to the inactivity of the intestines. Eating the same kind of food day after day is very apt, sooner or later, to result in diminished sensibility of the intestinal canal, a reduction of the peristaltic force, and deficiency in the secretion of the digestive juices, which in itself is a common cause of constipation. Frequent change of diet is generally needed to supply the stimulus necessary for that intestinal motion which relieves the bowels.

Bile is looked upon as one of the most powerful agents in stimulating peristaltic action, and when, from any cause, mechanical or otherwise, it is not poured into the bowel, constipation ensues. Unnatural flexures, congenital or acquired, of the large intestine are not unfrequently the source of chronic constipation. These flexures, normal or factitious, favor accumulation of feces, especially in subjects who have diminished sensibility of the bowel and a paretic state of the muscular coat. Certain injuries and diseases of the brain and spinal cord reduce, and sometimes altogether prevent, intestinal activity. Hysteria, if it exist for any length of time, is generally attended by sluggishness of the bowels, and great mental depression (melancholia) is sometimes preceded and sometimes followed by habitual constipation. In treating such a case it is important to make the distinction.

Temporary paralysis of the muscular coat of the bowel, followed by symptoms of intestinal constriction, with insuperable constipation, sometimes attends violent contusion of the abdomen. In some cases prolonged functional weakness of the muscular coat follows the injury. Many chronic diseases leave the bowel in a sluggish condition by the pathological changes produced in the intestine. The function of the muscular coat is frequently injured by the infiltration which accompanies peritonitis. The fibres are separated by the serous effusion which attends this inflammation; they become overstretched, and, losing their contractility, end in paralysis and obstinate constipation. Occlusion of the canal from this cause may last for days, and be accompanied with tympanitis, stercoraceous vomiting, and all the signs of internal strangulation, ending in death. Post-mortem examinations in such cases show no stricture or unnatural diminution in the size of the canal, but that the fatal occlusion was due to paralysis of the muscular coat of the bowel and arrest of its power.

The normal advance of the contents of the bowel is interfered with by any cause which lessens the contractility of the muscular coat. Chronic diseases which debilitate the general muscular system affect at the same time the contractile power of the muscular coat of the canal, and the debility and degeneration of old age are felt here, and sometimes occasion the constipation which often accompanies this period of life. Leichtenstern⁸ says that chronic intestinal catarrh is a common factor of constipation—that when this catarrh is of long standing it produces relaxation of the muscular coat and diminishes the elasticity of the intestinal walls. He believes that this pathological condition exists in a large proportion of the cases of habitual constipation attended with mental depression, that the hypochondriasis makes its appearance after the constipation has become chronic, and that it is a secondary symptom. This affection is located chiefly in the small intestine, and does not usually involve the colon.

⁸ Op. cit.

Probably the most common form of chronic constipation is that which accompanies loss of sensibility and muscular inactivity of the colon and rectum. The large bowel becomes sometimes so distended by the accumulated fecal masses that it has been found after death to measure ten or fifteen inches in circumference and to contain an astonishing quantity of feces. Any part of the canal, except the last two inches of the rectum, which is kept empty by the contraction of the sphincters, may be occupied by the mass, but the accumulation is greatest in the rectum, cæcum, and sigmoid flexure. At the last-named location the distension is so great that the mass can be readily felt through the abdominal walls. The tumor may be as large as a foetal head, and may be mistaken for a simple or malignant tumor of the omentum, stomach, or other organ, or for pregnancy or ovarian growth. The dilatation may be so enormous as to push the small intestines into the back part of the abdominal cavity and to interfere with the function of any organ upon which it encroaches. It may press upon the concave surface of the liver, and, arresting the flow of bile, produce jaundice or mechanically interfere with some portion of the track of the urinary organs and cripple their functions. When situated in a portion of the canal not tightly attached to the abdominal walls it is slightly movable, more or less hard and consistent, according to its duration, for it remains often for months unchanged, sometimes giving to the fingers the impression of a rather soft, easily-indented swelling with a uniform smooth surface—more often feeling like a hard, irregular, elongated, and corrugated mass of fecal balls. Contraction here and there of bundles of the circular muscular fibres of the gut produces the irregular, corrugated impression imparted to the fingers. Their shape and position may sometimes be changed by pressure through the abdominal wall. If the accumulation occurs in the rectum, the introduction of a tube or bougie is prevented by the impacted mass, which can be gotten away only by the fingers or by some instrument. The colon and rectum may be dilated to their utmost capacity with an enormous amount of feces, enough to fill a common-sized pail, and both the patient and medical attendant be deceived as to the sufferer's condition by the fact that he has his daily number of stools. The semi-fluid contents of the small intestines find their way through this mass by some irregular and uncertain track, undermining and breaking down sometimes a lump of the old fecal accumulation, which, if small in size or broken up, may pass on and escape by the anus, but if large and hard may drop into the irregular and uncertain passage and permanently close it; then sudden and complete intestinal occlusion takes place, with all of its fearful consequences. If this, however, should not occur, and the accumulation is not recognized and removed, the enormous dilatation may go on until complete paralysis of the muscular coat is produced, and entire stoppage of the current of feces, with permanent occlusion of the bowel; or before this takes place ulceration may set in, partly because of the great pressure of the fecal mass upon the mucous membrane, and partly from the irritating character of the contents of the bowel. Ulceration begins, most likely, at some point where resistance is greatest, and perforation of the bowel may ensue.

SYMPTOMS.—If the accumulation occupies only a portion of the colon, as the cæcum or sigmoid flexure, the distended part may become displaced and twisted on its long axis. This condition scarcely ever happens in the large intestines except at the parts mentioned. Torsion of the cæcum rarely takes place except in persons of from forty-five to sixty years of age, while twisting of the sigmoid flexure may happen at any period of life. When distended and very heavy from the weight of feces, with probably some congenital defect about its mesenteric attachment, the sigmoid flexure may become twisted and drop into the pelvis, producing at once symptoms of internal strangulation.

Individuals accustomed to having one or more alvine evacuations a day are made uncomfortable by two or three days of constipation. A feeling of distension about the abdomen, with flatulence and heat, follows this condition, and soon afterward headache, loss of appetite, and symptoms of indigestion supervene. If this state of the bowels continues unrelieved, pressure upon the hemorrhoidal veins takes place and interference with venous return, producing congestion in the lower end of the rectum. This is attended by straining, diarrhoea, evolution of gaseous matter, colicky pains, and possibly sympathetic disturbance of the genito-urinary organs. When at last the hardened and enlarged mass is discharged, it produces some pain and burning about the anus, with possibly rupture of the mucous membrane in that region. Fissure of the anus may thus originate. In the case of a lad aged about nine years under my care fissure of the anus began in this way, and after its formation the pain of defecation was so intense that he resisted for ten days every attempt of his bowels to move. After this time he passed every day or two one or more hardened fecal balls, but always with such atrocious pain that he looked forward to the next attempt with terror. This case ended in fecal impaction, which nearly proved fatal.