[3] See Prof. William B. Cairns, On the Development of American Literature from 1815 to 1833, with especial reference to periodicals; Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin, Philology and Literature Series, volume i, No. 1.
[4] For a pungent characterisation of the annuals, see Prof. Henry A. Beers’s life of N. P. Willis (American Men of Letters), pages 77 and following.
[5] Fromentin (Un Été dans le Sahara, page 59; Une Année dans le Sahel, pages 215 and following) lays this down for painting.
[6] Bret Harte, The Rise of the Short Story, Cornhill Magazine, July, 1899.
[7] See Cairns, as above, page 64. The influence of the Spectator form in France appears strikingly in L’Hermite de la Chaussée d’Antin, ou observations sur les mœurs et les usages français au commencement du xixme siècle, par M. de Jouy, Paris (collective volumes), 1813.
[8] Cross, Development of the English Novel, pages 24, 25.
[9] For Irving’s own view of his tales, see a quotation from his letters at page xix of Professor Brander Matthews’s edition of the Tales of a Traveller.
[10] “A rivulet of story meandering through a broad meadow of episode—a book of episodes with occasional digressions into the plot.” Kennedy’s preface to Swallow Barn.
[11] This is the character of the tales of Mme. de Genlis, of which a volume was published in New York, 1825: New Moral Tales, selected and translated from the French of Mme. de Genlis, by an American.
[12] Nodier adopts the same setting for the same purpose (cf. Les Quatre Talismans, 1838); but the habit is at least as old as Voltaire.