Approximate Annual Value of Manufactures Produced in the Principal Manufacturing Countries at dates named, 1780 to 1900.
| Countries. | 1780. | 1800. | 1820. | 1840. | 1860. | 1888. | 1896. | 1900. |
| Millions of Dollars. | ||||||||
| United Kingdom | 861 | 1,119 | 1,411 | 1,883 | 2,808 | 3,991 | 4,263 | 5,000 |
| Germany | 243 | 292 | 414 | 730 | 1,509 | 2,837 | 3,358 | 4,601 |
| France | 715 | 925 | 1,071 | 1,285 | 1,849 | 2,360 | 2,900 | 3,450 |
| Austria-Hungary | 146 | 243 | 389 | 691 | 973 | 1,231 | 1,596 | 2,000 |
| Russia | 49 | 73 | 97 | 195 | 754 | 1,767 | 1,849 | 1,980 |
| Italy | 49 | 73 | 122 | 195 | 389 | 589 | 925 | 1,700 |
| Belgium | .... | .... | .... | 292 | 438 | 496 | 574 | 750 |
| Spain | 49 | 97 | 146 | 219 | 292 | 414 | 589 | 615 |
| United States | 73 | 122 | 268 | 467 | 1,908 | 7,022 | 9,636 | 13,004 |
| Various | 151 | 219 | 292 | 438 | 779 | 1,767 | 2,097 | 2,317 |
| Total | 2,336 | 3,163 | 4,210 | 6,395 | 11,699 | 22,474 | 27,787 | 35,417 |
| Countries. | 1780. | 1800. | 1820. | 1840. |
| Millions of Dollars. | ||||
| United Kingdom | 861 | 1,119 | 1,411 | 1,883 |
| Germany | 243 | 292 | 414 | 730 |
| France | 715 | 925 | 1,071 | 1,285 |
| Austria-Hungary | 146 | 243 | 389 | 691 |
| Russia | 49 | 73 | 97 | 195 |
| Italy | 49 | 73 | 122 | 195 |
| Belgium | .... | .... | .... | 292 |
| Spain | 49 | 97 | 146 | 219 |
| United States | 73 | 122 | 268 | 467 |
| Various | 151 | 219 | 292 | 438 |
| Total | 2,336 | 3,163 | 4,210 | 6,395 |
| Countries. | 1860. | 1888. | 1896. | 1900. |
| Millions of Dollars. | ||||
| United Kingdom | 2,808 | 3,991 | 4,263 | 5,000 |
| Germany | 1,509 | 2,837 | 3,358 | 4,601 |
| France | 1,849 | 2,360 | 2,900 | 3,450 |
| Austria-Hungary | 973 | 1,231 | 1,596 | 2,000 |
| Russia | 754 | 1,767 | 1,849 | 1,980 |
| Italy | 389 | 589 | 925 | 1,700 |
| Belgium | 438 | 496 | 574 | 750 |
| Spain | 292 | 414 | 589 | 615 |
| United States | 1,908 | 7,022 | 9,636 | 13,004 |
| Various | 779 | 1,767 | 2,097 | 2,317 |
| Total | 11,699 | 22,474 | 27,787 | 35,417 |
Note.—The figures (Mulhall’s estimates prior to 1900) here given for the United States are those of gross values. The relation of “gross” to “net” value of the manufactures of the United States is explained at [page 211].
Approximate Annual Value of Manufactures Produced In the Principal Manufacturing Countries at dates named, 1780 to 1900.
| Countries. | 1780. | 1800. | 1820. | 1840. | 1860. | 1888. | 1896. | 1900. |
| Millions of Dollars. | ||||||||
| United Kingdom | 861 | 1,119 | 1,411 | 1,883 | 2,808 | 3,991 | 4,263 | 5,000 |
| Germany | 213 | 292 | 414 | 730 | 1,509 | 2,837 | 3,358 | 4,601 |
| France | 715 | 925 | 1,071 | 1,285 | 1,849 | 2,360 | 2,900 | 3,450 |
| Austria-Hungary | 146 | 243 | 389 | 691 | 973 | 1,231 | 1,596 | 2,000 |
| Russia | 49 | 73 | 97 | 195 | 754 | 1,767 | 1,849 | 1,980 |
| Italy | 49 | 73 | 122 | 195 | 389 | 589 | 925 | 1,700 |
| Belgium | .... | .... | .... | 292 | 438 | 496 | 574 | 750 |
| Spain | 49 | 97 | 146 | 219 | 292 | 414 | 589 | 615 |
| United States | 48 | 81 | 179 | 311 | 1,272 | 4,681 | 6,426 | 8,371 |
| Various | 151 | 219 | 292 | 438 | 779 | 1,767 | 2,097 | 2,317 |
| Total | 2,311 | 3,122 | 4,121 | 6,239 | 10,063 | 20,133 | 24,577 | 30,784 |
| Countries. | 1780. | 1800. | 1820. | 1840. |
| Millions of Dollars. | ||||
| United Kingdom | 861 | 1,119 | 1,411 | 1,883 |
| Germany | 213 | 292 | 414 | 730 |
| France | 715 | 925 | 1,071 | 1,285 |
| Austria-Hungary | 146 | 243 | 389 | 691 |
| Russia | 49 | 73 | 97 | 195 |
| Italy | 49 | 73 | 122 | 195 |
| Belgium | .... | .... | .... | 292 |
| Spain | 49 | 97 | 146 | 219 |
| United States | 48 | 81 | 179 | 311 |
| Various | 151 | 219 | 292 | 438 |
| Total | 2,311 | 3,122 | 4,121 | 6,239 |
| Countries. | 1860. | 1888. | 1896. | 1900. |
| Millions of Dollars. | ||||
| United Kingdom | 2,808 | 3,991 | 4,263 | 5,000 |
| Germany | 1,509 | 2,837 | 3,358 | 4,601 |
| France | 1,849 | 2,360 | 2,900 | 3,450 |
| Austria-Hungary | 973 | 1,231 | 1,596 | 2,000 |
| Russia | 754 | 1,767 | 1,849 | 1,980 |
| Italy | 389 | 589 | 925 | 1,700 |
| Belgium | 438 | 496 | 574 | 750 |
| Spain | 292 | 414 | 589 | 615 |
| United States | 1,272 | 4,681 | 6,426 | 8,371 |
| Various | 779 | 1,767 | 2,097 | 2,317 |
| Total | 10,063 | 20,133 | 24,577 | 30,784 |
Note.—Figures are those of Mulhall, except for 1900, the figures of gross manufactures for the United States having been reduced to net on the basis of net equal to 66⅔ per cent of gross; figures for 1900, estimate of Wm. J. Clark, in Engineering Magazine, May, 1904.