At any rate, Littlejohn told of the large numbers of Leach's storm-petrels, fork-tailed storm-petrels, auklets (of which only Cassin's is specifically identified), and ancient murrelets which occupied a large number of small islands. He could not calculate the number of breeding murrelets on his small island, the size of which I interpret to have been of the same order of magnitude as two others which he estimated were about 2 acres. He does say that the murrelets must have numbered several thousand and could, if left alone by the Aleuts, have quickly grown too numerous for the island to accommodate.
Murie (1959) made a brief visit to Sanak in 1937 and learned that there were no longer any large colonies of seabirds. He attributes this to exploitation of the fisheries and to the fox-farming industry. Littlejohn told of the repeated visits of Aleuts to his small islands, where they took hundreds of birds each time and all of the eggs they could find. This kind of activity could not help but disrupt the breeding on these islands.
Littlejohn's description of the ancient murrelet's nest leaves little doubt that the birds could be reached by fox or rats with ease. The birds showed no particular care in selecting a nest site and often worked their way back no more than about a meter into the dead vegetative cover from preceding years, where they scratched out a shallow nest.
There are few records of the ancient murrelet from the northern and western Gulf of Alaska. Friedmann (1935) reported the collection of a series of eggs in 1884 on Kodiak Island. Chase Littlejohn (Bendire 1895) collected eggs from somewhere in the Sanak Group in 1894. In 1908 Dixon (Grinnell 1910) saw a bird in Port Nellie Juan. Several were seen by Jaques (1930) near Belkofski in May 1928. Gabrielson collected one bird at Cordova in September 1941 and another at the Chiswell Islands in July 1945 (Gabrielson and Lincoln 1959). He saw numerous flocks in the Gulf of Alaska on 30 July of an unnamed year. In 1943, he would have been near Cape Spencer on that date. In 1945 he would have been near the Chiswell Islands. In either case, he was probably somewhere in Blying Sound.
The ancient murrelet is relatively uncommon but regularly observed in the inshore waters along the outer coasts of the islands fronting Prince William Sound. FWS surveys in July-August 1972 provided an estimate of almost 1,000 birds, mostly in nonbreeding plumage, along the outer coast of Prince William Sound (Isleib and Kessel 1973). Small numbers were found feeding close to the Wooded Islands on 24 July (my personal observation). Rausch (1958) saw a few off Middleton Island in 1956. Isleib (Isleib and Kessel 1973) saw 400-500 widely distributed at the mouth of Yakutat Bay in July and August 1968. The only large numbers of ancient murrelets encountered on the FWS survey of the Alaskan Peninsula in 1973 were in the Shumagin Islands. They were very common in East Nagai Strait on 9 June and more than half of the 1,300 seabirds per square nautical mile encountered between Little Koniuji and Chernabura Islands on 11 June were ancient murrelets. At Nagai Island an estimated 5,000 ancient murrelets were observed in the west bay at Pirate Shake, and later (on 19 June) several were observed in the vicinity of Midun Island (FWS, Anchorage, Alaska, unpublished data).
On the basis of the observations recounted above, I have to conclude that ancient murrelets are fairly regularly, if patchily, distributed throughout the northern and western Gulf of Alaska. I do not believe that the void in their range shown for the northern Gulf of Alaska by Udvardy (1963) is correct. Several colonies are there, awaiting discovery.
Ancient murrelets are not abundant in the Gulf of Alaska but they are certainly more numerous than we have been able to prove. It is not possible to tell from the existing data whether they were once more abundant than they are now. I suspect, on the basis of the Sanak Island experience, that we can conclude that this species has been reduced in number by various of man's activities.
Cassin's Auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus)
Cassin's auklet is a very uncommon bird in the northern Gulf of Alaska. In the western Gulf it is more common, particularly from the Shumagins west.