[12] Ibid., chap. xi.
[13] Ibid., chap. vii.
[14] Turner, New West (Am. Nation, XIV), 114–122.
[15] See chap. iii, below.
[16] Bourne, Essays in Historical Criticism, No. 9.
[17] Dunning, Reconstruction (Am. Nation, XXII), chap. x.
[18] Ibid.
[19] Dewey, National Problems (Am. Nation, XXIV), chap. xviii.
[20] Official order addressed to Spanish commanders authorizing the conversion, enslavement, or slaughter of the natives.
[21] “The shot from Champlain’s arquebus had determined the part that was to be played in the approaching conflict by the most powerful military force among the Indians of North America. It had made the confederacy of the Iroquois and all its nations and dependencies the implacable enemies of the French and the fast friends of the English for all the long struggle that was to come.” [This quotation is from Senator Elihu Root’s eloquent address at the Champlain tercentenary celebration in 1909. Influential as Champlain’s act proved to be, it is well to remember that it was the Dutch treatment of the Iroquois that gained the latter’s friendship for the English, the successors of the Dutch, and also that the Iroquois, as Doctor Thwaites points out in his France in America, did in subsequent years negotiate with the French. But the historic consequence of Champlain’s act is of course obvious, although it is not necessary to accept unreservedly one tercentenary dictum to the effect that “Few decisive battles from Marathon to Waterloo had larger consequences.” Cartier’s first voyage to the St. Lawrence decided the immediate association of the French with their Algonquian neighbors. It would have been impossible for them to be friends of both Algonquians and Iroquois. The consequences of immediate and prolonged hostility on the part of the Algonquians invite curious speculation.—Editor.]