1645. Defeat of the English Royalists at the Battle of Naseby.
1649. Execution of Charles I.
1653. Cromwell is made Lord Protector of England.
1655. Peter Stuyvesant, Director-General of New Netherlands, dispossesses the Swedish settlers at the mouth of the Delaware.
1660. Restoration of the Stuarts in England.
1662. The Connecticut and New Haven Colonies receive a charter from Charles II.
1664. Charles II. grants the region between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers to his brother James, Duke of York. The English occupy New Amsterdam and take possession of the province of New Netherland. The Colony of New Jersey is established.
1665. The union of the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies is completed.
1668. Father Marquette founds the Mission of Sault Ste. Marie.
1670. Incorporation of the Hudson Bay Company.