TABLE III
| A | B | |||||
| 132 experiments with each subject | 132 experiments with each subject | |||||
| Gray | Mixed Colors | No Tendency | Gray | Mixed Colors | No Tendency | |
| Number of subjects | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | ||
| Av. % of difference in favor of | 17.7 | 2.2 | 19.9 | 6.8 | ||
The following facts may be gathered from Table III: (1) The tendency to overestimate the gray is due in part at least to the additional factor of complexity in the other group, as is shown by the markedly changed tendencies in Table IV, A, where a solid color takes the place of the mixed colors. The actual colors involved in the two cases are different, to be sure, and necessarily so, and this difference may of course be invoked as the cause, as well as a possible difference in brightness between the gray and mixed in III, B. The introspective notes help us here. One observer felt that he favored the gray primarily because there was a tendency to consider but one color in the mixed. Another was drawn toward the gray because it seemed definite and consistent. For both of these observers æsthetic elements were involved in favor of the gray. The latter found also that the greater brightness of the gray gave it a larger area. With a third subject the fact of variety was felt as decidedly important; but his notes show a conflict between this factor and that of distribution which was the conscious basis for his normal judgment.
4. The Influence of Differences in the Kind of Objects.
A. The Factor of Color. The material in A 1 consisted of two groups of circles of the usual size, one Normal Gray (Prang), the other Red (Bradley). The attempt was made by this choice to equalize the brightness. The size and shape of the group-area were those of the smaller area of Table I, C and D. In A 2 the only changes were the correction for distribution, as described in the introduction to this section, and the substitution of equality-cards for those of slight numerical difference. The Two-Group Apparatus was used.
The following results appear in Table IV, A 1 and A 2: (1) While complexity seemed on the whole to diminish apparent number, red noticeably increases it. Some of the observers report that group as more vivid and interesting. One observer compensated by emphasizing the gray in attention, as his results showed. (2) If one ask how the color red functioned in the judgment, the reply must apparently be, by its brightness and vividness. The mixed group functioned in a double way, as vivid and so more numerous, as fragmentary and so fewer.
TABLE IV
| A1 | A2 | B | C | D1 | D2 | E | |||||||||||||||
| 132 experiments with each subject | 132 experiments with each subject | 132 experiments with each subject | 132 experiments with each subject | 88 experiments with two subjects | 132 experiments each | 88 experiments with each subject | |||||||||||||||
| 44 experiments with two subjects | |||||||||||||||||||||
| exposure = 125 sec. | exposure = 14 sec. | exposure = 125 sec. | |||||||||||||||||||
| Gray | Red | No tendency | Gray | Red | No tendency | Large | Small | No tendency | Circles | Squares | No tendency | Simple | Complex | No tendency | Simple | Complex | No tendency | Bright | Dark | No tendency | |
| Number of subjects | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |||||||
| Av.% of difference in favor of | 18.3 | 5.4 | 30.3 | 9 | 33.6 | 27.5 | 6 | 28.4 | 18.8 | 3.5 | 30.7 | 5.6 | 21.2 | 47.4 | |||||||