Henley's Twentieth Century Formulas, Recipes and Processes

by Unknown

Gilding Watch Movements.

WATCHMAKERS’ CLEANING PREPARATIONS: See Cleaning Preparations and Methods.

WATCH MOVEMENTS, PALLADIUM PLATING OF: See Plating.

WATER, NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL

In making an artificial mineral water it must be remembered that it is seldom possible to reproduce the water by merely combining its chemical components. In other words, the analysis of the water cannot serve as a basis from which to prepare it, because even though all of the components were put together, many would be found insoluble, and others would form new chemical combinations, so that the result would differ widely from the mineral water imitated.

For example, carbonate of magnesia and carbonate of lime, which are important ingredients in most mineral waters, will not make a clear solution unless freshly precipitated. Hence, when these are to be reproduced in a mineral water it is customary to employ other substances, which will dissolve at once, and which will, upon combining, produce these salts. The order in which the salts are added is also a very important matter, for by dissolving the salts separately and then carefully combining them, solutions may be effected which would be impossible were all the salts added together to the water in the portable fountain.

In this connection the following table will be found useful:

• Group I
  • Ammonium carbonate.
  • Ammonium chloride.
  • Sodium borate (borax).
  • Potassium carbonate.
  • Potassium chloride.
  • Potassium nitrate.
  • Potassium sulphate.
  • Sodium bromide.
  • Sodium carbonate.
  • Sodium chloride.
  • Sodium fluoride.
  • Sodium iodide.
  • Sodium nitrate.
  • Sodium phosphate.
  • Sodium pyrophosphate.
  • Sodium silicate.
  • Sodium sulphate.
• Group 2
  • Lithium carbonate.
• Group 3
  • Aluminum chloride.
  • Barium chloride.
  • Calcium bromide.
  • Calcium chloride.
  • Calcium nitrate.
  • Magnesium nitrate.
  • Strontium chloride.
  • Lithium chloride.
• Group 4
  • Magnesium sulphate.
  • Alum (potassa or soda alum).
• Group 5
  • Lime carbonate.
  • Magnesium carbonate hydrate.
  • Lime sulphate precipitate.
• Group 6
  • Lithium carbonate.
  • Acid hydrochloric.
  • Acid sulphuric.
  • Iron chloride.
  • Iron pyrophosphate.
  • Iron sulphate.
  • Manganese chloride.
  • Manganese sulphate.
• Group 7
  • Sodium arseniate, or sodium sulphide, or acid hydrosulphuric.

Explanation of Groups.—The explanation of the use of these groups is simple. When about to prepare an artificial mineral water, first ascertain from the formula which of the ingredients belong to group 1. These should be dissolved in water, and then be filtered and added to distilled water, and thoroughly agitated. Next the substance or substances belonging to group 2 should be dissolved in water, then filtered and added to the water, which should again be agitated. And so the operation should proceed; whatever ingredients are required from each group should be taken in turn, a solution made, and this solution, after being filtered, should be separately added to the fountain, and the latter be well agitated before the following solution is added.

For groups 1, 3, and 4, the salts should be dissolved in 5 times their weight of boiling, or 10 times their weight of cold, water. For group 2 (lithium carbonate) the proportions should be 1 part of lithium carbonate to about 130 parts of cold or boiling water. The substances mentioned in group 5 are added to the portable fountain in their solid state, and dissolve best when freshly precipitated. As carbonic acid gas aids their solution, it is best to charge the fountain after they are added, and agitate thoroughly, blowing off the charge afterwards if necessary.