| PART I | |
| Notes on Lead Mining | |
| PAGE | |
| Sources of Lead Production in the United States (WalterRenton Ingalls) | [3] |
| Notes on the Source of the Southeast Missouri Lead (H. A.Wheeler) | [10] |
| Mining in Southeastern Missouri (Walter Renton Ingalls) | [16] |
| Lead Mining in Southeastern Missouri (R. D. O. Johnson) | [18] |
| The Lead Ores of Southwestern Missouri (C. V. Petraeus andW. Geo. Waring) | [24] |
| PART II | |
| Roast-Reaction Smelting | |
| SCOTCH HEARTHS AND REVERBERATORY FURNACES | |
| Lead Smelting in the Scotch Hearth (Kenneth W. M. Middleton) | [31] |
| The Federal Smelting Works, near Alton, Ill. (O. Pufahl) | [38] |
| Lead Smelting at Tarnowitz (Editorial) | [41] |
| Lead Smelting in Reverberatory Furnaces at Desloge, Mo.(Walter Renton Ingalls) | [42] |
| PART III | |
| Sintering and Briquetting | |
| The Desulphurization of Slimes by Heap Roasting at BrokenHill (E. J. Horwood) | [51] |
| The Preparation of Fine Material for Smelting (T. J. Greenway) | [59] |
| The Briquetting of Minerals (Robert Schorr) | [63] |
| A Bricking Plant for Flue Dust and Fine Ores (Jas. C. Bennett) | [66] |
| PART IV | |
| Smelting in the Blast Furnace | |
| Modern Silver-Lead Smelting (Arthur S. Dwight) | [73] |
| Mechanical Feeding of Silver-Lead Blast Furnaces (Arthur S.Dwight) | [81] |
| Cost of Smelting and Refining (Malvern W. Iles) | [96] |
| Smelting Zinc Retort Residues (E. M. Johnson) | [104] |
| Zinc Oxide in Slags (W. Maynard Hutchings) | [108] |
| PART V | |
| Lime-Roasting of Galena | |
| The Huntington-Heberlein Process | [113] |
| Lime-Roasting of Galena (Editorial) | [114] |
| The New Methods of Desulphurizing Galena (W. Borchers) | [116] |
| Lime-Roasting of Galena (W. Maynard Hutchings) | [126] |
| Theoretical Aspects of Lead-Ore Roasting (C. Guillemain) | [133] |
| Metallurgical Behavior of Lead Sulphide and Calcium Sulphate(F. O. Doeltz) | [139] |
| The Huntington-Heberlein Process (Donald Clark) | [144] |
| The Huntington-Heberlein Process at Friedrichshütte (A.Biernbaum) | [148] |
| The Huntington-Heberlein Process from the Hygienic Standpoint(A. Biernbaum) | [160] |
| The Huntington-Heberlein Process (Thomas Huntington andFerdinand Heberlein) | [167] |
| Making Sulphuric Acid at Broken Hill (Editorial) | [174] |
| The Carmichael-Bradford Process (Donald Clark) | [175] |
| The Carmichael-Bradford Process (Walter Renton Ingalls) | [177] |
| The Savelsberg Process (Walter Renton Ingalls) | [186] |
| Lime-Roasting of Galena (Walter Renton Ingalls) | [193] |
| PART VI | |
| Other Methods of Smelting | |
| The Bormettes Method of Lead and Copper Smelting (AlfredoLotti) | [215] |
| The Germot Process (Walter Renton Ingalls) | [224] |
| PART VII | |
| Dust and Fume Recovery | |
| FLUES, CHAMBERS AND BAG-HOUSES | |
| Dust Chamber Design (Max J. Welch) | [229] |
| Concrete in Metallurgical Construction (Henry W. Edwards) | [234] |
| Concrete Flues (Edwin H. Messiter) | [240] |
| Concrete Flues (Francis T. Havard) | [242] |
| Bag-houses for Saving Fume (Walter Renton Ingalls) | [244] |
| PART VIII | |
| Blowers and Blowing Engines | |
| Rotary Blowers vs. Blowing Engines for Lead Smelting (Editorial) | [251] |
| Rotary Blowers vs. Blowing Engines (J. Parke Channing) | [254] |
| Blowers and Blowing Engines for Lead and Copper Smelting | |
| (Hiram W. Hixon) | [256] |
| Blowing Engines and Rotary Blowers (S. E. Bretherton) | [258] |
| PART IX | |
| Lead Refining | |
| The Refining of Lead Bullion (F. L. Piddington) | [263] |
| The Electrolytic Refining of Base Lead Bullion (Titus Ulke) | [270] |
| Electrolytic Lead Refining (Anson G. Betts) | [274] |
| PART X | |
| Smelting Works and Refineries | |
| The New Smelter at El Paso, Texas (Editorial) | [285] |
| New Plant of the American Smelting and Refining Company atMurray, Utah (Walter Renton Ingalls) | [287] |
| The Murray Smelter, Utah (O. Pufahl) | [291] |
| The Pueblo Lead Smelters (O. Pufahl) | [294] |
| The Perth Amboy Plant of the American Smelting and RefiningCompany (O. Pufahl) | [296] |
| The National Plant of the American Smelting and RefiningCompany (O. Pufahl) | [299] |
| The East Helena Plant of the American Smelting and RefiningCompany (O. Pufahl) | [302] |
| The Globe Plant of the American Smelting and Refining Company(O. Pufahl) | [304] |
| Lead Smelting in Spain (Hjalmar Eriksson) | [306] |
| Lead Smelting at Monteponi, Sardinia (Erminio Ferraris) | [311] |
PART I
NOTES ON LEAD MINING
SOURCES OF LEAD PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES
By Walter Renton Ingalls
(November 28, 1903)
Statistics of lead production are of value in two directions: (1) in showing the relative proportion of the kinds of lead produced; and (2) in showing the sources from which produced. Lead is marketed in three principal forms: (a) desilverized; (b) soft; (c) antimonial, or hard. The terms to distinguish between classes “a” and “b” are inexact, because, of course, desilverized lead is soft lead. Desilverized lead itself is classified as “corroding,” which is the highest grade, and ordinary “desilverized.” Soft lead, referring to the Missouri product, may be either “ordinary” or “chemical hard.” The latter is such lead as contains a small percentage of copper and antimony as impurities, which, without making it really hard, increase its resistance against the action of acids, and therefore render it especially suitable for the production of sheet to be used in sulphuric-acid chamber construction and like purposes. The production of chemical hard lead is a fortuitous matter, depending on the presence of the valuable impurities in the virgin ores. If present, these impurities go into the lead, and cannot be completely removed by the simple process of refining which is practised. Nobody knows just what proportions of copper and antimony are required to impart the desired property, and consequently no specifications are made. Some chemical engineers call for a particular brand, but this is really only a whim, since the same brand will not be uniformly the same; practically one brand is as good as another. Corroding lead is the very pure metal, which is suitable for white lead manufacture. It may be made either from desilverized or from the ordinary Missouri product; or the latter, if especially pure, may be classed as corroding without further refining. Antimonial lead is really an alloy of lead with about 15 to 30 per cent. antimony, which is produced as a by-product by the desilverizers of base bullion. The antimony content is variable, it being possible for the smelter to run the percentage up to 60. Formerly it was the general custom to make antimonial lead with a content of 10 to 12 per cent. Sb; later, with 18 to 20 per cent.; while now 25 to 30 per cent. Sb is best suited to the market.
The relative values of the various grades of lead fluctuate considerably, according to the market place, and the demand and supply. The schedules of the American Smelting and Refining Company make a regular differential of 10c. per 100 lb. between corroding lead and desilverized lead in all markets. In the St. Louis market, desilverized lead used to command a premium of 5c. to 10c. per 100 lb. over ordinary Missouri; but now they sell on approximately equal terms. Chemical hard lead sells sometimes at a higher price, sometimes at a lower price, than ordinary Missouri lead, according to the demand and supply. There is no regular differential. This is also the case with antimonial lead.[1]
The total production of lead from ores mined in the United States in 1901 was 279,922 short tons, of which 211,368 tons were desilverized, 57,898 soft (meaning lead from Missouri and adjacent States) and 10,656 antimonial. These are the statistics of “The Mineral Industry.” The United States Geological Survey reported substantially the same quantities. In 1902 the production was 199,615 tons of desilverized, 70,424 tons of soft, and 10,485 tons of antimonial, a total of 280,524 tons. There is an annual production of 4000 to 5000 tons of white lead direct from ore at Joplin, Mo., which increases the total lead production of the United States by, say, 3500 tons per annum. The production of lead reported as “soft” does not represent the full output of Missouri and adjacent States, because a good deal of their ore, itself non-argentiferous, except to the extent of about 1 oz. per ton in certain districts, is smelted with silver-bearing ores, going thus into an argentiferous lead; while in one case, at least, the almost non-argentiferous lead, obtained by smelting the ore unmixed, is desilverized for the sake of the extra refining.