Application of the general method of mixtures. Specific heats of solids and liquids. Law of the specific heat of atoms. Heat absorbed by expansion, restored by the compression of bodies. Experiments on gases. Specific heats of gases under constant pressure. Measure of specific heats of gases under constant pressure. Special difficulties of the question. Succinct indication of one of the methods. Specific heats to a constant volume.
Lesson 24. Latent Heat.
Component heat of liquids absorbed into the latent state during fusion, restored to the free state during solidification.
Influence of the viscous state. Latent heat of ice. Ice calorimeter; its defects.
Component heat of vapors, absorbed into the latent state during vaporization, restored to the free state during condensation. Measure of the latent heat of vapors. Regnault’s experiments.
Empirical laws on the latent heat of vaporization.
Applications of Calorimetry.
Means of producing heat or cold; 1, by changes in density; 2, by changes of state. Freezing mixtures. Vaporization of liquids. Condensation of vapors.
Steam-boilers. Warming by hot air and hot water. Various problems. Sensations produced by a jet of vapor.
Different physical and chemical sources of heat; percussion, friction, chemical combinations, animal heat, natural heat of the globe, solar heat, &c. It will be remarked that mechanical work may become a source of heat, and heat a source of mechanical work.