[II. AUSTRIA.]
Under the new army organization of 1869, the military forces of the whole empire are divided into the Standing Army, under the control of the Imperial Minister of War; the Landwehr, whose duties are limited to the respective divisions from which it is drawn, under the control of the Austrian and Hungarian war ministers; and the Landstrum, or general levy, which is compulsory in the Tyrol and Military Frontier, and voluntary in the rest of the empire. The Emperor is supreme chief of the military and naval forces, and from him must emanate all concentrating movements of troops. In 1871 the Standing Army consisted of 278,470 men on the peace footing, and 838,700 on the war footing.
The naval forces of Austria consisted in 1871, of 46 steamers and 10 sailing vessels, viz.:
| Horse-power. | Guns. | Tonnage. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 Iron-clad Line-of-battle Ships, | 1,800 | 22 | 11,138 | |
| 7 Iron-clad Frigates, | 4,550 | 88 | 25,452 | |
| 4 Screw Frigates, | 1,500 | 149 | 9,407 | |
| 3 Screw Corvettes, | 860 | 50 | 4,703 | |
| 7 First class Gunboats, | 1,610 | 30 | 4,311 | |
| 3 Second class Gunboats, | 270 | 9 | 999 | |
| 16 Paddle Steamers, | 2,381 | 51 | 9,442 | |
| 10 Sailing Ves’ls, viz.: | 2 Frigates, | . . | 35 | 3,032 |
| 2 Corvettes, | . . | 30 | 1,416 | |
| 4 Brigs, | . . | 40 | 1,176 | |
| 2 Transp’ts, | . . | 4 | 283 | |
The navy is officered and manned by 2 vice-admirals, 4 rear-admirals, 24 captains of steamers and frigates, 14 captains of corvettes, 106 lieutenants, 343 ensigns and cadets, and 3,803 sailors, besides 875 officers and men in the marine corps. On the war footing the sailors number 3,743, and the marines 1,410. The men are recruited by conscription from the seafaring population, although the voluntary enlistments in the province of Dalmatia renders its enforcement unnecessary.
The total commerce of Austria, comprising imports and exports, exceeded $400,000,000. The commercial marine includes 7,830 vessels, of 324,415 tonnage, and 27,979 seamen. The Austrian Lloyd, a trading society established in Trieste in 1833, owns a fleet of 70 steamers, of 12,500 horse-power.
To provide officials, well instructed and trained in the administration of each department of the public service, military and civil—war by land and sea—both for military and commercial purposes, the government establishes schools, with studies and practical exercises adapted to each branch.
SCHOOLS FOR THE MILITARY AND COMMERCIAL MARINE.
1. Military Marine.