Winchell (McClintock and Strong’s Cyclopædia, viii. 491-2, and in his Preadamites) concisely classes the evidences of tertiary man as “Preglacial remains erroneously supposed human,” and “Human remains erroneously supposed pre-glacial;” but he confines these conclusions to Europe only, allowing that the American non-Caucasian man might, perhaps, be carried back (p. 492) into the tertiary age.
Cf. on the tertiary (Pliocene) man, E. S. Morse in Amer. Naturalist, xviii. 1001,—an address at the Philad. meeting, Am. Asso. Adv. Science and his earlier paper in the No. Amer. Rev.; C. C. Abbott in Kansas City Rev., iii. 413 (also see iv. 84, 326); Cornhill Mag., li. 254 (also in Pop. Sci. Monthly, xxvii. 103, and Eclectic Mag., civ. 601). Dr. Morton believed that the Eocene man, of the oldest tertiary group, would yet be discovered. Agassiz, in 1865 (Geol. Sketches, 200), thought the younger naturalists would live to see sufficient proofs of the tertiary man adduced. S. R. Pattison (Age of Man geologically considered in Present Day Tract, no. 13, or Journal of Christ. Philos. July, 1883) does not believe in the tertiary man, instancing, among other conclusions, that no trace of cereals is found in the tertiary strata, and that these strata show other conditions unfavorable to human life. His conclusions are that man has existed only about 8,000 years, and that it is impossible for geological science at present to confute or disprove it. In his view man appeared in the first stage of the quaternary period, was displaced by floods in the second, and for the third lived and worked on the present surface.
[1662] Lyell’s Antiquity of Man, 4th ed., ch. 18. Daniel Wilson, on “The supposed evidence of the existence of interglacial man,” in the Canadian Journal, Oct., 1877. Nadaillac’s L’Amérique préhistorique, ch. 1; Les Premiers Hommes, ii. ch. 10; and his De la période glaciaire et de l’existence de l’homme durant cette période en Amérique (Paris, 1884), extracted from Matériaux, etc. G. F. Wright on “Man and the glacial period in America,” in Mag. West. Hist. (Feb., 1885), i. 293 (with maps), and his “Preglacial man in Ohio,” in the Ohio Archæol. and Hist. Quart. (Dec., 1887), i. 251. Miss Babbitt’s “Vestiges of glacial man in Minnesota,” in the Amer. Naturalist, June, July, 1884, and Amer. Asso. Adv. Sci. Proc. xxxii. 385.
[1663] Howorth, Mammoth and the Flood, 323, considers them flood-gravels instead, in supporting his thesis.
[1664] Pop. Science Monthly, xxii. 315. Smithsonian Rept., 1874-75. Reports of progress, etc., in the Peabody Museum Reports, nos. x. and xi. (1878, 1879). Prof. N. S. Shaler accompanies the first of these with some comments, in which he says: “If these remains are really those of man, they prove the existence of interglacial man on this part of our shore.” He is understood latterly to have become convinced of their natural character. J. D. Whitney and Lucien Carr agree as to their artificial character (Ibid. xii. 489). Cf. Abbott on Flint Chips (refuse work) in the Peab. Mus. Rept., xii. 506; H. W. Haynes in Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc., Jan., 1881; F. W. Putnam in Peab. Mus. Rept., no. xiv. p. 23; Henry Carvell Lewis on The Trenton gravel and its relation to the antiquity of man (Philad., 1880); also in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (1877-1879, pp. 60-73; and 1880, p. 306). Abbott has also registered the discovery of a molar tooth (Peabody Mus. Rept., xvi. 177), and the under jaw of a man (Ibid. xviii. 408, and Matériaux, etc., xviii. 334.) On recent discoveries of human skulls in the Trenton gravels, see Peab. Mus. Rept. xxii. 35. The subject of the Trenton-gravels man, and of his existence in the like gravels in Ohio and Minnesota, was discussed at a meeting of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., of which there is a report in their Proceedings, vol. xxiii. These papers have been published separately: Palæolithic man in eastern and central North America (Cambridge, 1888). Contents:—Putnam, F. W. Comparison of palæolithic implements.—Abbott, C. C. The antiquity of man in the valley of the Delaware.—Wright, G. F. The age of the Ohio gravel-beds.—Upham, Warren. The recession of the ice-sheet in Minnesota in its relation to the gravel deposits overlying the quartz implements found by Miss Babbitt at Little Falls, Minn.—Discussion and concluding remarks, by H. W. Haynes, E. S. Morse, F. W. Putnam. Cf. also Amer. Antiquarian, Jan., 1888, p. 46; Th. Belt’s Discovery of stone implements in the glacial drift of No. America (Lond., 1878, and Q. Jour. Sci. xv. 63; Dawkins in No. Am. Rev., Oct., 1883, p. 347.)
[1665] Cf. also Peabody Mus. Repts., xix. 492; Science, vii. 41; Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc., xxi. 124; Matériaux, etc. xviii. 334; Philad. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Proc. (1880, p. 306). Abbott refers to the contributions of Henry C. Lewis of the second Geol. Survey of Penna. (Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sciences, and “The antiquity and origin of the Trenton gravels,” in Abbott’s book), and of George H. Cook in the Annual Reports of the New Jersey state geologist. Abbott has recently summarized his views on the “Evidences of the Antiquity of Man in Eastern North America,” in the Am. Asso. Adv. Sci. Proc., xxxvii., and separately (Salem, 1888).
[1666] Figuier, Homme Primitif, introd.
[1667] The references are very numerous; but it is enough to refer to the general geological treatises: Vogt’s Lectures on Man, nos. 9, 10; Nadaillac’s Les Prem. Hommes, ii. 7; Dawkins in Intellectual Observer, xii. 403; and Ed. Lartet, Nouvelles recherches sur la coexistence de l’homme et des grands mammifères fossiles, réputés caractéristiques de la dernière période geologique, in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 4e série, xv. 256. Buffon first formulated the belief in extinct animals from some mastodon bones and teeth sent to him from the Big Bone Lick in Kentucky, about 1740, and Cuvier first applied the name mastodon, though from the animal’s resemblance to the Siberian mammoth it has sometimes been called by the latter name. There are in reality the fossil remains of both mastodon and mammoth found in America. On the bones from the Big Bone Lick see Thomson’s Bibliog. Ohio, no. 44.
[1668] Wilson’s Prehist. Man, i. ch. 2; Proc. Amer. Acad. Nat. Sciences, July, 1859; Amer. Journal of Sci. and Arts, xxxvi. 199; cix. 335; Pop. Sci. Rev., xiv. 278; A. H. Worthen’s Geol. Survey, Illinois (1866), i. 38; Haven in Smithsonian Contrib., viii. 142; H. H. Howorth’s Mammoth and the Flood (Lond., 1887), p. 319; J. P. MacLean’s Mastodon, Mammoth and Man (Cincinnati, 1886). Cf. references under “Mammoth” and “Mastodon,” in Poole’s Index. Koch represented that he found the remains of a mastodon in Missouri, with the proofs about the relics that the animal had been slain by stone javelins and arrows (St. Louis Acad. of Sci. Trans., i. 62, 1857). The details have hardly been accepted on Koch’s word, since some doubtful traits of his character have been made known (Short, No. Amer. of Antiq., 116; Nadaillac, L’Amérique préhistorique, 37). There have been claims also advanced for a stone resembling a hatchet, found with such animals in the modified drift of Jersey Co., Illinois. E. L. Berthoud (Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad. Proc. 1872) has reported on human relics found with extinct animals in Wyoming and Colorado. Dr. Holmes (Ibid. July, 1859) had described pottery found with the bones of the megatherium. Lyell seems to have hesitated to associate man with the extinct animals in America, when the remains found at Natchez were shown to him in an early visit to America (Antiquity of Man, 237). Howorth, Mammoth and the Flood, 317, enumerates the later discoveries, some being found under recent conditions (Ibid. 278), and so recent that the trunk itself has been observed (p. 299). In the earliest instance of the bones being reported, Dr. Mather, communicating the fact to the Philosophical Trans. Roy. Soc. (1714), xxix. 63, says they were found in the Hudson River, and he supposed them the remains of a giant man, while the colored earth about the bones represented his rotted body. Cf. Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., xii. 263.
[1669] See on this a later page.