Carr’s Mounds of the Mississippi Valley historically considered makes part of the second volume of Shaler’s Kentucky Survey, and was also issued separately (1883). It is the most elaborate collation of the accounts of the early travellers, and of others coming in contact with the Indians at an early day, which has yet been made, and his foot-notes are an ample bibliography of this aspect of the subject. He holds that these early records prove that nothing has been found in the mounds which was not described in the early narratives as pertaining to the Indians of the early contact. He aims also particularly to show that these early Indians were agriculturists and sun-worshippers. Brinton, reviewing the paper in the American Antiquarian (1883, p. 68), holds that Carr goes too far, and practises the arts of a special pleader. Brinton’s own opinions seem somewhat to have changed. In the Hist. Mag., Feb., 1866, p. 35, he considers the moundbuilders as not advanced beyond the red Indians; and in the American Antiquarian (1881), iv. 9, in inquiring into their probable nationality, he thinks they were an ancient people who were driven south and became the moundbuilding Chahta.
Other supporters of the red Indian view are Edmund Andrews, in the Wisconsin Acad. of Science, iv. 126; P. R. Hoy, in Ibid. vi.; O. T. Mason, in Science, iii. 658; Nadaillac, in L’Amérique préhistorique; E. Schmidt, in Kosmos (Leipzig), viii. 81, 163; G. P. Thurston, in Mag. Amer. Hist., 1888, xix. 374.
[1734] This is denied in Fred. Larkin’s Anc. Man in America (N. Y.).
[1735] J. D. Baldwin’s Anc. America (N. Y., 1871). D. Wilson’s Prehistoric Man, i. ch. 10, etc., who holds that “the moundbuilders were greatly more in advance of the Indian hunter than behind the civilized Mexican;” and he claims that the proof deduced from the Indian type of a head discovered in a moundbuilder’s pipe (i. 366) is due to a perverted drawing in Squier and Davis. Short, No. Amer. of Antiq., believed they were of the race later in Anahuac. Gay, Pop. Hist. U. S., i. ch. 2, believes in the theory of a vanished race. In 1775 Adair thought the works indicated a higher military energy than the modern Indian showed.
[1736] Antiq. of Man, 4th ed. 42.
[1737] Putnam’s papers and the records of his investigations can be found in his Peabody Mus. Reports, xvii., xviii., xix., xx., etc. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xv.; Amer. Naturalist, June, 1875; Kansas City Rev., 1879, etc.
[1738] No. Am. Rev., cxxiii., for “houses of the moundbuilders,” and also in his Houses and Home Life, ch. 9. Cf. on the other hand C. Thomas in Mag. Amer. Hist., Feb., 1884, p. 110.
[1739] Rhee’s Catalogue, p. 252-3.
[1740] S. D. Peet, who edits this journal, has advanced in one of his papers (vii. 82) that some of these earthworks are Indian game drives and screens. (He also contributed a classification of them to the Congrès des Américanistes, 1877, i. 103.) The paper by J. E. Stevenson (ii. 89), and that by Horatio Hale on “Indian Migrations” (Jan.-April, 1883), are worth noting. The Compte Rendu, Congrès des Américanistes, 1875 (i. 387), has Joly’s “Les Moundbuilders, leurs Œuvres et leurs Caractères Ethniques,” and that for 1877 has a paper by John H. Becker and Stronck. That by R. S. Robertson in Ibid. (i. p. 39) is also reprinted in the Mag. Amer. Hist. (iv. 174), March, 1880; while in March, 1883, will be found some of T. H. Lewis’s personal experiences in exploring mounds. Some other periodical papers are: W. de Haas, in Trans. Am. Asso. Adv. Science, 1868; D. A. Robertson, in Journal Amer. Geog. Soc., v. 256; A. W. Vogeles and S. L. Fay, in Amer. Naturalist, xiii. 9, 637; E. B. Finley in Mag. Western Hist., Feb., 1887, p. 439; Science, Sept. 14, 1883; Squier, in American Journal Science, liii. 237, and in Harper’s Monthly, xx. 737, xxi. 20, 165; C. Morris, in Nat. Quart. Rev., Dec. 1871, 1872, April, 1873; Ad. F. Fontpertius on “Le peuple des mounds et ses monuments” in the Rev. de Géog. (April and August, 1881); E. Price, in the Annals of Iowa, vi. 121; Isaac Smucker, in Scientific Monthly (Toledo, Ohio), i. 100.
Some other references, hardly of essential character, are: H. H. Bancroft, Nat. Races, iv. ch. 13; v. 538; Gales’s Upper Mississippi, or Historical Sketches of the Moundbuilders (Chicago, 1867); Southall’s Recent Origin of Man, ch. 36; Wm. McAdams’s Records of ancient races in the Mississippi valley; being an account of some of the pictographs, sculptured hieroglyphs, symbolic devices, emblems and traditions of the prehistoric races of America, with some suggestions as to their origin (St. Louis, 1887); Brühl’s Culturvölker des alten Amerika; J. D. Sherwood, in Stevens’s Flint Chips, 341; E. Pickett’s Testimony of the Rocks (N. Y.).