[1871] See Pilling’s Proof-sheets.
[1872] Duponceau’s report in Heckewelder, Hist. Acc. of the Indian Nations, 1819, is in the Mass. Hist. Coll., 1822. Pickering says that Duponceau was the earliest to discover and make known the common characteristics of the American tongues.
[1873] These are enumerated in the appendix of The Calendar of the Sparks MSS., issued by the library of Harvard University. They are also cited with some in other depositories by Pilling in his Proof-sheets.
[1874] Also in J. B. Scherer’s Recherches historiques et géographiques sur le Nouveau Monde (Paris, 1777).
[1875] We know little of what Jefferson might have accomplished, for his manuscripts were burned in 1801 (Schoolcraft’s Ind. Tribes, ii. 356). As early as 1804 the U. S. War Department issued a list of words, for which its agents should get in different tribes the equivalent words. Gallatin used these results. Different lists of test words have been often used since. George Gibbs had a list. The Bureau of Ethnology has a list.
[1876] Cf. synopsis in Haven’s Archæol. U. S., p. 65.
[1877] For Hale’s later views see his Origin of language and antiquity of speaking man (Cambridge, 1886), from the Proc. Amer. Ass. Adv. Science, xxxv.; and his Development of language (Toronto, 1888), from the Proc. Canadian Inst., 3d ser., vi.
[1878] Among other workers in the northern philology may be named Schoolcraft in his Indian Tribes (ii. and iii. 340), who makes no advance upon Gallatin; W. W. Turner in the Smithsonian Report, vi.; R. S. Riggs adds a Dacota bibliography to his Grammar and Dictionary of the Dacota language (Washington, Smiths. Inst., 1852); George Gibbs in the Smithsonian Repts. for 1865 and 1870, and as collaborator in other studies, of which record is made in J. A. Stevens’ memoir of Gibbs, first printed in the N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll., and then in the Smithsonian Report for 1873; F. W. Hayden’s Contributions to the ethnography and philology of the Indian tribes of the Missouri Valley (Philad., 1862), being vol. xiii. of the Trans. Amer. Philosophical Soc.
A contemporary of Gallatin, but a man sorely harassed, as others see him, with eccentricities and unstableness of head, was C. F. Rafinesque, who had nevertheless a certain tendency to acute observation, which prevents his books from becoming wholly worthless. His first publication was an introduction to Marshall’s History of Kentucky, which he printed separately as Ancient History, or Annals of Kentucky, with a survey of the ancient monuments of North America, and a tabular view of the principal languages and primitive nations of the whole earth (Frankfort, Ky., 1824). In this he makes a comparison of four principal words from fourteen Indian tongues with thirty-four primitive languages of the old world. In 1836 he printed at Philadelphia The American Nations, or outlines of their general history, ancient and modern, including the whole history of the earth and mankind in the western hemisphere; the philosophy of American history; the annals, traditions, civilization, languages, etc., of all American nations, tribes, empires and states (in two volumes).
[1879] It embraces: