[744] Mainly in vol. vii.; but see vi. 232, etc. Cf. Short, 143, 460, and Bancroft, Nat. Races (v. 26), with an epitome of Kingsborough’s arguments (v. 84). Mrs. Barbara Anne Simon in her Hope of Israel (Lond., 1829) advocated the theory on biblical grounds; but later she made the most of Kingsborough’s amassment of points in her Ten Tribes of Israel historically identified with the aborigines of the Western Hemisphere (London, 1836).
[745] The recognition of the theory in the Mormon bible is well known. Bancroft (v. 97) epitomizes its recital, following Bertrand’s Mémoires. There is a repetition of the old arguments in a sermon, Increase of the Kingdom of Christ (N. Y., 1831), by the Indian William Apes; and in An Address by J. Madison Brown (Jackson, Miss., 1860). Señor Melgar points out resemblances between the Maya and the Hebrew in the Bol. Soc. Méx. Geog., iii. Even the Western mounds have been made to yield Hebrew inscriptions (Congrès des Amér., Nancy, ii. 192).
Many of the general treatises on the origin of the Americans have set forth the opposing arguments. Garcia did it fairly in his Origen de los Indios (1607; ed. by Barcia, 1729), and Bancroft (v. 78-84) has condensed his treatment. Brasseur (Hist. Nat. Civ., i. 17) rejects the theory of the ten tribes; but is not inclined to abandon a belief in some scattered traces. Short (pp. 135, 144) epitomizes the claims. Gaffarel covers them in his Etude sur les rapports de l’Amérique (p. 87) with references, and these last are enlarged in Bancroft’s Nat. Races, v. 95-97.
[746] Varnhagen’s L’origine touranienne des Américains Tupis-Caraïbes et des anciens Egyptiens, indiquée principalement par la philologie comparée: traces d’une ancienne migration en Amérique, invasion du Brésil par les Tupis (Vienne, 1876). Labat’s Nouveau Voyage aux isles de l’Amérique (Paris, 1722), vol. ii. ch. 23. Sieur de la Borde’s Relation de l’origine, mœurs, coutumes, etc. des Caraibes (Paris, 1764). Robertson’s America. James Kennedy’s Probable origin of the Amer. Indians, with particular reference to that of the Caribs (Lond., 1854), or Journal of the Ethnolog. Soc. (vol. iv.). London Geog. Journal, iii. 290.
[747] Cf. Peter Martyr, Torquemada, and later writers, like La Perouse, McCulloh, Haven (p. 48), Gaffarel (Rapport, 204), J. Perez in Rev. Orientale et Amér., viii., xii.; Bancroft, Nat. Races, iii. 458. Brinton (Address, 1887) takes exception to all such views. Cf. Quatrefages’ Human Species (N. Y., 1879, pp. 200, 202).
[748] Cf. Beccari in Kosmos, Apr., 1879; De Candolle in Géographie botanique (1855).
[749] Santarem, Hist. de la Cartog., iii. 76, refers to maps of the fourteenth century in copies of Ranulphus Hydgen’s Polychronicon, in the British Museum and in the Advocates’ library at Edinburgh, which show a land in the north, called in the one Wureland and in the other Wyhlandia.
[750] Mag. Am. Hist., April, 1883, p. 290. Cf. Vol. II. p. 28. The name used is “Grinlandia.”
[751] Mauro’s map was called by Ramusio, who saw it, an improved copy of one brought from Cathay by Marco Polo. It is preserved in the Biblioteca Marciana at Venice. It was made by Mauro under the command of Don Alonso V., and Bianco assisted him. The exact date is in dispute; but all agree to place it between 1457 and 1460. A copy was made on vellum in 1804, which is now in the British Museum. Our cut follows one corner of the reproduction in Santarem’s Atlas. A photographic fac-simile has been issued in Venice by Ongania, and St. Martin (Atlas, p. vii) follows this fac-simile. Ruge (Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen) gives a modernized and more legible reproduction. There are other drawings in Zurla’s Fra Mauro; Vincent’s Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients (1797, 1807); Lelewel’s Moyen Age (pl. xxxiii). Cf. Studi della Soc. Geografia Italia (1882), ii. 76, for references.
[752] Rafn gives a large map of Iceland with the names of a.d. 1000. On the errors of early and late maps of Iceland see Baring-Gould’s Ultima Thule, i. 253. On the varying application of the name Thule, Thyle, etc., to the northern regions or to particular parts of them, see R. F. Burton’s Ultima Thule, a Summer in Iceland (London, 1875), ch. 1. Bunbury (Hist. Anc. Geog., ii. 527) holds that the Thule of Marinus of Tyre and of Ptolemy was the Shetlands. Cf. James Wallace’s Description of the Orkney islands (1693,—new ed., 1887, by John Small) for an essay on “the Thule of the Ancients.”