[362] Harrisse, Notes on Columbus, p. 3. Leclerc (Bibl. Amer., no. 137) notes other original family documents priced at 1,000 francs.
[363] The arms granted by the Spanish sovereigns at Barcelona, May 20, 1493, seem to have been altered at a later date. As depicted by Oviedo, they are given on an earlier page. Cf. Lopez de Haro, Nobiliario general (Madrid, 1632), pt. ii. p. 312; Muñoz, Historia del nuevo mundo, p. 165; Notes and Queries (2d series), xii. 530; (5th series) ii. 152; Mem. de la Real Academia de Madrid (1852), vol. viii.; Roselly de Lorgues, Christophe Colomb (1856); Documentos inéditos (1861), xxxi. 295; Cod. diplom. Colombo-Americano, p. lxx; Harrisse, Notes on Columbus, p. 168; Charlevoix, Isle Espagnole, i. 61, 236, and the engraving given in Ramusio (1556), iii. 84. I am indebted to Mr. James Carson Brevoort for guidance upon this point.
[364] Vol. i. of the Studi is a chronological account of Italian travellers and voyages, beginning with Grimaldo (1120-1122), and accompanied by maps showing the routes of the principal ones. Cf. Theobald Fischer, “Ueber italienische Seekarten und Kartographen des Mittelalte’s,” in Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, xvii. 5.
As to the work which has been done in the geographical societies of Germany, we shall have readier knowledge when Dr. Johannes Müller’s Die wissenschaftlichen Vereine und Gesellschaften Deutschlands,—Bibliographie ihrer Veröffentlichungen, now announced in Berlin, is made public. One of the most important sale-catalogues of maps is that of the Prince Alexandre Labanoff Collection, Paris, 1823,—a list now very rare. Nos. 1-112 were given to the world, and 1480-1543 to America separately.
[365] Santarem, Histoire de la cartographie, etc., vol. i., preface, pp. xxxix, 1, and 194. After the present volume was printed to this point, and after Vols. III. and IV. were in type, Mr. Arthur James Weise’s Discoveries of America to the year 1525 was published in New York. A new draft of the Maiollo map of 1527 is about its only important feature.
[366] See an enumeration of all these earlier maps and of their reproductions in part i. of The Kohl Collection of Early Maps, by the present writer. Bianco’s map was reproduced in 1869 at Venice, with annotations by Oscar Peschel; and Mauro’s in 1866, also at Venice.
[367] Literature of Europe, chap. iii. sect. 4.
[368] Cf., on the instruments and marine charts of the Arabs, Codine’s La mer des Indes, p. 74; Delambre, Histoire de l’astronomie du moyen-âge; Sédillot’s Les instruments astronomiques des Arabes, etc.
[369] Major, Prince Henry (1868 ed.), pp. 57, 60. There is some ground for believing that the Northmen were acquainted with the loadstone in the eleventh century. Prescott (Ferdinand and Isabella, 1873 ed., ii. III) indicates the use of it by the Castilians in 1403. Cf. Santarem, Histoire de la cartographie, p. 280; Journal of the Franklin Institute, xxii. 68; American Journal of Science, lx. 242. Cf. the early knowledge regarding the introduction of the compass in Eden’s Peter Martyr (1555), folio 320; and D’Avezac’s Aperçus historiques sur la boussole, Paris, 1860, 16 pp.; also Humboldt’s Cosmos, Eng. tr. ii. 656.
[370] For instance, the map of Bianco. The variation in Europe was always easterly after observations were first made.