[79] [See post, chap. viii.—Ed.]
[80] [“The English colonies ... at the middle of the century numbered in all, from Georgia to Maine, about 1,160,000 white inhabitants. By the census of 1754 Canada had but 55,000. Add those of Louisiana and Acadia, and the whole white population under the French flag might be something more than 80,000.” Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe, i. 20.—Ed.]
[81] [See post, chap. vii.—Ed.]
[82] [“In the dual government of Canada the governor represented the king, and commanded the troops; while the intendant was charged with trade, finance, justice, and all other departments of civil administration. In former times the two functionaries usually quarrelled; but between Vaudreuil and Bigot there was perfect harmony” (Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe, ii. 18). Foremost among the creatures of Bigot, serving his purposes of plunder, were Joseph Cadet, a butcher’s son whom Bigot had made commissary-general, and Marin, the Intendant’s deputy at Montreal, who repaid his principal by aspiring for his place. It was not till February, 1759, when Montcalm was given a hand in civil affairs, that the beginning of the end of this abandoned coterie appeared (see Ibid., ii. 37, for sources). Upon the interior history of Canada, from 1749 to 1760, there is a remarkable source in the Mémoires sur le Canada, which was printed and reprinted (1873) by the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. It reached the committee from a kinsman of General Burton, of the army of General Amherst, who presumably received it from its anonymous author, and took it to England for printing. Smith, in his History of Canada (1815), had used a manuscript closely resembling it. Parkman refers to a manuscript in the hands of the Abbé Verreau of Montreal, the original of which he thinks may have been the first draught of these Mémoires. This manuscript was in the Bastille at the time of its destruction, and being thrown into the street, fell into the hands of a Russian and was carried to St. Petersburg. Lord Dufferin, while ambassador to Russia, procured the Verreau copy, which differs, says Parkman, little in substance from the printed Mémoires, though changed in language and arrangement in some parts (Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe, ii. 37). The second volume of the first series of the Mémoires of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec also contains a paper, evidently written in 1736, and seemingly a report of the Intendant Hocquart to Cardinal Fleury, the minister of Louis XV. In the same collection is a report, Considérations sur l’état présent du Canada, dated October, 1758, which could hardly have been written by the Intendant Bigot, but is thought to have been the writing of a Querdisien-Trémais, who had been sent as commissioner to investigate the finances, and who deals out equal rebuke upon all the functionaries then in office.—Ed.]
[83] [Histoire et description générale de la Nouvelle France, avec le journal historique d’un voyage fait par ordre du roi dans l’Amérique septentrionale (Paris, 1744). It is in three volumes, the third containing the Journal (cf. Vol. IV. p. 358), of which there are two distinct English translations,—one, Journal of a Voyage to North America, in two volumes (London, 1761; reprinted in Dublin, 1766); the other, Letters to the Duchess of Lesdiguierres (London, 1763), in one volume. A portion of the Journal is also given in French’s Historical Collections of Louisiana part iii. (Cf. Sabin, no. 12,140, etc.; Carter-Brown, vol. iii. nos. 1,285, 1,347, 1,497.) The Dublin edition of the Journal has plates not in the other editions (Brinley Catalogue, vol. i. no. 80). There is a paper on “Charlevoix at New Orleans in 1721” in the Magazine of American History, August, 1883.—Ed.]
[84] [History and General Description of New France, translated, with Notes, by John Gilmary Shea (New York, 1866), etc., 6 vols. (See Vol. IV. of the present work, p. 358.) Charlevoix’s Relation de la Louisiane is also contained in Bernard’s Recueil de voyages au nord (Amsterdam, 1731-1738).—Ed.]
[85] Upon these expeditions the United States partly based their claims, in the discussions with Spain in 1805 and 1818, on the Louisiana boundary question.
[86] Jean de Beaurain, a geographical engineer, was born in 1696, and died in 1772. He was appointed geographer to the King in 1721. His son was a conspicuous cartographer (Nouvelle biographie générale).
[87] The libraries of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia) and of the Department of State (Washington) each have a copy of this manuscript. A copy belonging to the Louisiana Historical Society is deposited in the State Library at New Orleans. [From the Philadelphia copy the English translation in French’s Historical Collections of Louisiana, part iii., was made. A. R. Smith, in his London Catalogue, 1874, no. 1,391, held a manuscript copy, dated 1766, at £7 17s. 6d., and another is priced by Leclerc (Bibl. Amer., no. 2,811) at 500 francs. This manuscript has five plans and a map, while the printed edition of 1831 has but a single map. The manuscripts are usually marked as “Dédié et présenté au roi par le Chevalier Beaurain,” who is considered by Leclerc as the author of the drawings only.—Ed.]
[88] Ferland, ii. 343; Garneau, ii. 94. For characterizations of these and other authorities on Canada, see Vol. IV. of this History, pp. 157, 360.