PORTRAITS.
Fig. 8. Navaho skull, flattened at occiput. Hyperbrachycephalic. Length-breadth index, 96.93.
17. [Fig. 1] is a picture of Manuelito, who for many years was the most influential chief among the Navahoes. Latterly he lost much of his influence in consequence of his intemperate habits, though he was regarded as a sage counsellor till the time of his death, which occurred in 1893. When he was gone, an old Indian, announcing his death to the writer, said: “We are now a people without eyes, without ears, without a mind.” [Fig. 2] represents another chief of much influence named Mariano, who also became addicted to drink in his old age and died in 1893. [Fig. 3] shows a very intelligent and trustworthy Indian, a silversmith, known as Jake among the whites, but called by the Navahoes Náltsos Nigéhani, or Paper-carrier, because in his youth he was employed as a mail-carrier between Forts Wingate and Defiance. He it was who communicated to the author version B[306] of the Origin Legend. He practised a short medicine rite, was an adept in singing sacred songs, and often led in song in the great rites. His silver-work was in great demand, and he worked hard at his trade. In 1894 he accompanied a circus through the Eastern States, with his workshop as a side-show; but the journey proved too much for him—he died of heart disease on his return to New Mexico. [Fig. 4] is a portrait of a Navaho woman named Tánapa, who took her hair out of braid preparatory to standing before the camera. [Fig. 5] is a woman named Hádapa, whose smiling face is introduced as a contrast to the stern brow of Tánapa. [Figs. 6] and [7] are Navaho men whose names have not been recorded. The expressions of their faces are in marked contrast.
CRANIA.
18. As a rule the crania of the Navahoes are brachycephalic, and very few are dolichocephalic. The shortening seems to be due to a flattening in the occipital region ([fig. 8]). The author is of opinion that this is caused by the use of the baby-case, with a hard, unyielding wooden back ([fig. 9]), in which the Navaho women carry their infants. This flattening of the Navaho occiput has been the subject of some controversy. It is true that the cradle is padded to a slight extent; but the padding consists of the bark of the cliff rose (Cowania mexicana), called by the Navaho awétsal, or baby-bed, which forms a rather rigid pillow. True, again, when the baby is carried on the mother’s back, its head often hangs forward and does not come in contact with the back of the cradle or the pillow; but most of the time the child lies on its back, and its tender occiput is subjected to deforming pressure.
Fig. 9. Navaho baby-case or cradle (after Mason).