ā = a in 'father'.

â = aw in 'awful'.

' = the indeterminate vowel (Schwund).

u = oo in 'foot'.

There are no nasal vowels, as in Penobscot and Abenaki.

h is the simple breathing, but the inverted comma is a glottal catch like a very soft Arabic .

l often carries its own inherent vowel similar to the heavy Russian l. This sound is represented in the following material by an elevated e, before the l (εl).

n before consonants carries its own inherent vowel, as nki, pron. ŭnkî.

p, t, k, are voiceless surds, pronounced almost like b, d, g between vowels and never like English, p(h), t(h), k(h).

tc, dc represent almost the same sound, between a palatalized English ch and a palatalized English j, similar to Polish ć and ź.