All this work, done with wonderful perseverance, under great disadvantages, was presented to a limited public only, and has long since been forgotten. But in the autumn of the year 1831 she conceived the idea of presenting, in the shape of popular tales, the principles of political economy. She persisted in this idea, notwithstanding the steady refusal of the London publishers to have anything to do with the scheme; she went to London to push the matter personally; and at last succeeded in making an arrangement, on iron terms, with Mr. Charles Fox, the brother of the editor of the Repository. To the great surprise of this gentleman, and the calm satisfaction of the author, the first numbers of Illustrations of Political Economy met with immediate and immense success. The first tale was published in February, 1832, and Harriet Martineau became famous at once.
In November she came to live in London. She was received as a lion in society, but abated no jot of her labor, producing every month a number of from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty pages. On the completion of her Illustrations, two years after her coming to London, she travelled for two years in America, where she displayed, by her affiliation with the Abolitionists, no little moral courage. She returned to England in August, 1836, and turned her recent experiences to account in writing, during the next six months, a three-volume work called Society in America, for the first edition of which she received £900. This was followed by her Retrospect of Western Travel, which was sold for £600. She contributed to various magazines; produced in 1838 a work called How to Observe in Morals and Manners, and also some little books ordered by the Poor-Law Commissioners for a series of ‘Guides to Service.’
She began her novel, Deerbrook, in June, 1838, and visited Scotland in August and September. Deerbrook appeared in the spring. It is generally considered her weakest work.
At this time Mrs. Martineau, who was becoming blind, Harriet’s brother, Henry, and an invalid aunt, were all dependent upon Harriet for support. Her anxiety and over-work led to a serious illness. She started for a tour of the Continent after publishing Deerbrook, but on reaching Venice, became so ill that she was obliged to return to England. She was taken, in the autumn of 1839, to Tynemouth, where she remained for the next five years under the care of her brother-in-law, a physician named Greenhow. This was a period of great suffering, but her intellectual activity was not suspended. The Hour and the Man, a historical romance, appeared in November, 1840; and early in 1841, The Playfellow, a series of children’s stories, containing the famous Crofton Boys; in 1843, Life in the Sick-Room, published anonymously, but generally recognized at once; and numerous stories and articles in aid of various causes. In 1841 she refused, on principle, Lord Melbourne’s offer of a pension of £150 per annum. In 1843 her friends presented her with a testimonial of £1,400.
In June of the following year she consented to try mesmeric treatment. In December she was so much better as to be enabled to leave Tynemouth. For the next ten years she enjoyed perfect health. With characteristic enthusiasm, she published the Athenæum, and subsequently in pamphlet form, six Letters on Mesmerism, detailing this wonderful cure. This open declaration of her faith in mesmerism led to a breach with Mr. Greenhow.
Miss Martineau now purchased land near Ambleside, and took lodgings in the village, during the winter of 1845-6, to superintend the building of a house according to her own plans. Here she wrote her Forest and Game Law Tales. In the spring she took possession of her home, called “The Knoll.” After writing a story for the young, The Billow and the Rock, she started with some friends for the East, in the autumn of 1846, returning in October, 1847. Her life at “The Knoll” was beneficent and busy. She engaged in farming, on a very small scale, and wrote on the subject a book called Health, Husbandry and Handicraft.
In Eastern Life, Past and Present, published in 1848, Miss Martineau first allowed it to be seen that an important change had taken place in her opinions on theology. This was in some measure due to the influence of Mr. Henry G. Atkinson, with whom she became acquainted during her recovery from her long illness, and who remained her dearest friend until her death. Her next work was Household Education, followed, in 1850, by her important History of the Thirty Years’ Peace. In January, 1851, appeared Letters on the Laws of Man’s Nature and Development, the joint production of herself and Mr. Atkinson. In this book her new opinions were distinctly stated. The work was received with horror by the orthodox press. An article on the subject in the Prospective Review, by Dr. James Martineau, caused a breach between the brother and sister.
Miss Martineau published soon after an introductory volume to the History of the Peace. In November, 1853, appeared her translation of Comte’s ‘Positive Philosophy.’ At this time she contributed frequently to periodicals. In the autumn of 1852 she visited Ireland, writing while there a series of letters to the Daily News, which were reprinted in a volume at the end of the year. In 1854 she prepared a Complete Guide to the Lakes.
Toward the end of this year her health failed. Early in 1855 it was the verdict of her physicians that she was suffering from enlargement and enfeeblement of the heart, and that her life would probably not be long. Under this impression her Autobiography was rapidly written. She never left Ambleside again; but, contrary to expectation, lived on for twenty-one years. She continued to write leaders for the Daily News—to which she is said to have contributed in all over sixteen hundred political articles—and papers and pamphlets on various subjects of public interest. A volume of Sketches from Life was issued in 1856, and in 1859 appeared England and Her Soldiers, written in aid of the army work of Florence Nightingale.
In 1868 a number of Biographical Sketches, originally published in the Daily News, were collected in a volume. Before this time she had been obliged, by increasing illness, to lay aside her literary work. She had suffered a severe blow, in 1864, in the death of her niece, Maria, her faithful companion and nurse. Another niece, Jane, undertook to fill the vacant place. Miss, or rather Mrs. Martineau, as she preferred to be called in her later years, was calm and cheerful to the last. She died on the 27th of June, 1876. A tumor of slow growth was found to have been the real cause of death.