Note. Production for 1919 in Germany probably smaller than estimate.
The copper deposits, chiefly massive cupriferous pyrite, in Norway and Sweden, are similar to those of Spain geologically as well as economically. Their commercial value depends not only on their copper content, but on the sulphur and iron recovered. In many cases the sulphur used in sulphuric acid manufacture is of greater money value than the recovered copper. Hence the exported copper from Spain, Portugal and Norway is in several forms: pyrite, matte, ingot copper from Norway and considerable cement copper or precipitates from Spain and Portugal. Pyrite is exported to England, the United States, and perhaps a little to France; the matte, ingot, etc., to various European countries. Sweden imports as well as produces pyrite. France, Italy and Russia produce considerable pyrite and before the war France exported pyrite. Under normal conditions, the copper in all this pyrite is shipped back and forth over Europe and can hardly be traced. The table shows the location of raw materials but not the place where marketable copper is produced. The chief imports and exports of pyrite are normally as follows:
Table 51.—Normal Exports and Imports of Pyrite for Certain European Countries
| Exports from— | Amount (tons) | Imports to— | Amount (tons) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Spain | 1,500,000 | England | 1,050,000 |
| Norway | 500,000 | Sweden | 100,000 |
| Portugal | 250,000 | United States | 1,000,000 |
| ... | France | 100,000 | |
| Estimated total | 2,250,000 | 2,250,000 |
GERMANY
Under existing conditions the present output of Germany can not be closely estimated. The figures in [Table 49] are guesses based on the information available. The Mansfeld deposits are clearly the most important, and as they are in shales that extend over a large area, the reserves must be considered large. The Mitterberg mine, owned by the Krupps, had a pre-war output of only 1,000 tons yearly. Several copper deposits in the Austrian Tyrol had a pre-war output of 1,000 tons annually.
The chief source of copper in Germany during the war, however, must have been from conversion of articles containing copper which were in use before the war. It is doubtful if 10 per cent. of the yearly copper production of peace times was destroyed in use. Consequently, in all countries there is normally a big store of copper in the form of wire, brass, machine parts, etc. This is what Germany used during the war, and its replacement is essential to her industrial success in peace.
RUSSIA
The copper production of Russia was rapidly increasing before the war and reached a maximum in 1913. The ownership of the mines and refineries was largely English but in part French. Enough development had been done to indicate that Russia will probably be a large producer of copper when consistent industrial progress is possible. In 1918 the mines had been seized by workmen and operations were nearly or entirely suspended. The copper districts are all in the Urals, the Caucasus or Siberia. The Russian copper production (in long tons) has been as follows:
| 1905 | 1910 | 1913 | 1914 | 1915 | 1916 | 1917 |
| 8,700 | 22,310 | 33,794 | 31,435 | 25,472 | 20,557 | 15,700 |
| (34,911) | (27,295) | |||||