Project Telstar is actually an extension into space of microwave communications methods that have been thoroughly proved on the ground. For Project Echo and other early experiments in satellite communications, Bell Laboratories built a large antenna of the type known as a horn-reflector in Holmdel, New Jersey. For Project Telstar, a similar but much larger antenna was designed. It was located in a relatively isolated spot at Andover, in the western part of Maine, where it would be close to Europe. The site is nicely protected by a surrounding ring of low hills—high enough to keep out interfering radio signals, but low enough not to block the satellite when it is near the horizon.
The giant Andover horn is a steel and aluminum structure 177 feet long and 94 feet high that weighs 380 tons. At one end is a giant opening of 3600 square feet; from there the horn tapers down to a cab in which the very sensitive receiver and powerful transmitting equipment is located. The entire antenna—horn, cab, and supporting framework—moves smoothly on tracks that allow it to rotate in a 360-degree circle around its vertical axis (changing azimuth). It also can swing about its horizontal axis from the horizon up to the zenith (changing elevation). Despite its size, the antenna can revolve steadily and precisely in a complete circle in just four minutes.
Signals are beamed to the satellite on a frequency of 6390 megacycles, using modified Bell System microwave equipment and a special traveling-wave tube with an output of 2 kilowatts. Signals come back on a 4170-megacycle frequency at a much lower power level—as small as a trillionth of a watt. They are amplified by a ruby crystal maser that operates at the temperature of liquid helium—just a few degrees above absolute zero. The whole antenna structure and its associated equipment are enclosed in a huge “radome”—a bubble made from Dacron and synthetic rubber only a sixteenth of an inch thick but measuring 210 feet in diameter and 160 feet high. It is one of the largest air-supported structures ever erected.
The Andover ground station includes a lot more equipment—most of it having to do with tracking the satellite, computing its orbits, sending and receiving command and telemetry signals, and interconnecting the satellite with regular telephone and television land links. Most of this is located in a control building about a quarter mile from the giant radome.
The French radome looms over the Brittany countryside
A ground station very similar to the Andover installation has been built by the French National Center of Telecommunications Studies at Pleumeur-Bodou in Brittany. The British General Post Office has established a station at Goonhilly Downs in Cornwall, England, which uses a large, deep parabolic dish rather than a horn-reflector antenna. Both British and French stations participated in the first Telstar experiments. Satellite communications ground stations also have been set up in Fucino, Italy, and near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and others are under construction in West Germany and Japan.
The Satellite Goes Into Orbit
At 4:35 a.m. (Eastern Daylight Time) on July 10, 1962, a Thor-Delta rocket launched Telstar I into its orbit, almost exactly according to plan, from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cape Canaveral base. On Telstar’s sixth orbit around the earth—at 7:26 p.m.—the first transmission to and from the satellite took place. During this pass telephone calls, television, and photos were transmitted between Andover and Holmdel. Some of these signals were also picked up in Europe. On the next day, a taped television program was sent from France to the United States, and a live program came from England via Telstar. During the next four months, more than 400 transmissions were handled by Telstar—including 50 television demonstrations (both black-and-white and color), the sending of telephone calls and data in both directions, and the relaying of facsimile and telephotos.
In addition, the satellite performed more than 300 valuable technical tests. Almost all of them showed remarkably successful results. Radio transmission was as good as was expected. Telstar’s communications equipment worked exactly as it should, with no damage from the shock and vibration of the launch. Temperatures inside the satellite were kept under good control. The satellite was successfully stabilized—prevented from tumbling over and over—by being spun around its polar axis, with the spin rate gradually decreasing, as predicted, from its rate of 177.7 revolutions per minute just after launch. The solar cells worked almost exactly as expected. Much extremely valuable data about radiation in space was reported. The ground stations accurately traced the fast-moving satellite in almost routine fashion.