Signers of the Declaration / Historic Places Commemorating the Signing of the Declaration of Independence

by Unknown

Art and Picture Credits

The National Park Service gratefully acknowledges the assistance of agencies and individuals furnishing illustrations and granting permission to reproduce them.

Page

  [ii] Oil (1817) by John Trumbull, after his earlier painting of the same name (1786–95). Color separations courtesy United States Capitol Historical Society and Eastern National Park and Monument Association. Of the 48 individuals in the painting, 44 are signers. The likenesses were the basis for many later portraits by other artists.

  [4] Oil (date unknown) by Allan Ramsay. Library of Congress.

  [5] Engraving (1770) by Paul Revere. Library of Congress.

  [6] Lithograph (1830) by either William or John Pendleton, after a cartoon (1774) published in London. Library of Congress.

  [7] Lithograph (1846) by Nathaniel Currier. Library of Congress.

  [8] Engraving (1775) by Amos Doolittle. National Park Service.

  [9] Detail from broadside, publisher unknown. National Park Service.

 [10] Engraving (ca. 1776) by an unknown artist. Library of Congress.

 [11] Library of Congress.

 [12] Oil (ca. 1858) by Bass Otis, after George Romney. Independence National Historical Park.

 [13] Mezzotint (1778) by an unknown artist, after Corbutt. Library of Congress.

 [14] Oil (ca. 1782) by Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

 [17] Library of Congress.

 [19] Engraving (1823) by William Stone. Library of Congress.

 [21] Library of Congress.

 [22] Engraving (1859) by John C. McRae, after Johannes A. S. Oertel. Library of Congress.

 [23] Oil (date unknown) by Xavier D. Gratta. Valley Forge (Pa.) Historical Society.

 [28] Oil (before 1897) by an unknown artist, after Thomas Sully. Independence National Historical Park.

 [29] Oil (date unknown) by W. Trego. Valley Forge (Pa.) Historical Society.

 [30] Engraving (ca. 1725–26) by William Burgis. Library of Congress.

 [33] Oil (ca. 1791–94) by Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

 [36] Oil (1873) by Nahum B. Onthank, after John S. Copley. Independence National Historical Park.

 [39] Oil (1871) by Caroline Weeks, after John Trumbull. Independence National Historical Park.

 [41] Oil (1901) by Albert Rosenthal, after a miniature by an unknown artist. Independence National Historical Park. In 1913 Charles H. Hart, an authority on historical portraits, maintained that this likeness was not Carter Braxton but was that of his brother George.

 [43] Oil (1823) by Charles Willson Peale, after Rembrandt Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

 [45] Oil (1819) by Charles Willson Peale, after his 1773 painting. Independence National Historical Park.

 [47] Oil (1873) by James R. Lambdin, after John Trumbull. Independence National Historical Park.

 [48] Wood engraving by an unknown artist, after F. O. C. Darley, from Henry Howe, Life and Death on the Ocean (1855). Library of Congress.

 [49] Oil (1872) by Edward D. Marchant, after Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

 [50] Pen and ink drawing by an unknown artist, from Magazine of American History (September 1880). Library of Congress.

 [51] Oil (1876) by Samuel B. Waugh, after John Trumbull. Independence National Historical Park.

 [53] Oil (1874) by Edward L. Henry, after Ralph Earl (Earle). Independence National Historical Park.

 [55] Oil (date unknown) by David Martin. Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia.

 [57] Engraving (1859) by Robert Whitechurch, after Christian Schussele. Library of Congress.

 [59] Oil (1861) by James Bogle, after John Vanderlyn. Independence National Historical Park.

 [62] Detail from the lithograph “Signers of the Declaration of Independence,” published in 1876 by Ole Erekson. Library of Congress. The detail is a conjectural representation; no portrait or reliable likeness of Button Gwinnett is known to exist.

 [63] Lithograph, probably by an artist named Ferris, from William Brotherhead, The Book of the Signers (1861). Library of Congress.

 [65] Detail from the lithograph “Signers of the Declaration of Independence,” published in 1876 by Ole Erekson. Library of Congress.

 [67] Oil (1816) by Samuel F. B. Morse, after John S. Copley. Independence National Historical Park.

 [70] Oil (1873) by James R. Lambdin, after John Trumbull. Independence National Historical Park.

 [71] Oil (ca. 1884) by Herman F. Deigendisch, after Henry Bryan, Jr. Independence National Historical Park. Some authorities have questioned the authenticity of this likeness.

 [73] Oil (before 1893) by an unknown artist, after Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

 [74] Engraving by James B. Longacre, after Charles Willson Peale, from James Herring and James B. Longacre, The National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans (1836). Library of Congress.

 [75] Oil (before 1851) by Charles Fraser, after Jeremiah Theus. Independence National Historical Park.

 [77] Oil (1873) by James R. Lambdin, after John Trumbull. Independence National Historical Park.

 [79] Oil (1873) by James R. Lambdin, after John Trumbull. Independence National Historical Park. According to one authority, Trumbull based his likeness on the features of Hopkins’ eldest son, Rufus, who bore a close resemblance to his father.

 [81] Oil (before 1854) by Dubois (probably Samuel T.), after Robert E. Pine. Historical Society of Pennsylvania and Independence National Historical Park.

 [83] Oil (1783) by Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

 [85] Oil (1791) by Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

 [87] Library of Congress.

 [89] Engraving (1826) by Benjamin Tanner. Library of Congress.

 [90] Detail from the lithograph “Signers of the Declaration of Independence,” published in 1876 by Ole Erekson. Library of Congress.

 [92] Oil (1784) by Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

 [94] Oil (1906) by Albert Rosenthal, after an engraving from John Sanderson, Biography of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence (1824). Independence National Historical Park.

 [96] Oil (ca. 1770) probably by Abraham Delanoy, Jr. Frick Art Reference Library, New York City, and Taconic State Park Commission, Staatsburg, N.Y.

 [97] Pen and ink drawing by an unknown artist, from Magazine of American History (December 1885). Library of Congress.

 [99] Oil (1875) by Anna Lea, after John Trumbull. Independence National Historical Park.

[100] Oil (1797) by Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

[103] Oil (1872) by Philip F. Wharton, after Benjamin West. Independence National Historical Park.

[104] Oil (1873) by Charles N. Flagg, after John Trumbull. Independence National Historical Park.

[106] Oil (ca. 1872) by Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

[107] Engraving by William Birch, from The City of Philadelphia (1800). Independence National Historical Park.

[109] Watercolor (ca. 1765) by Pierre Eugene Du Simitière. The R. W. Norton Art Gallery, Shreveport, La.

[110] Oil (ca. 1876) by William L. Sheppard, after Mason Chamberlin. Independence National Historical Park.

[112] Oil (date unknown) by Louis E. Lami. Hangs in the Virginia State Capitol. National Park Service.

[113] Oil (date unknown) by Francis B. Mayer, after Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

[115] Oil (1876) by Richard M. Staigg, after Edward Savage. Independence National Historical Park.

[116] Detail from the lithograph “Signers of the Declaration of Independence,” published in 1876 by Ole Erekson. Library of Congress.

[118] Oil (1860) by Thomas Sully, after Robert E. Pine. Independence National Historical Park.

[120] Detail from the lithograph “Signers of the Declaration of Independence,” published in 1876 by Ole Erekson. Library of Congress.

[122] Oil (1873) by Philip F. Wharton, after Benjamin West. Independence National Historical Park.

[123] Oil (1783) by Charles Willson Peale. The Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, Winterthur, Del. Gift of Mrs. Julia B. Henry.

[125] Engraving (1799) by William Birch & Son. Library of Congress.

[127] Oil (1873) by Philip F. Wharton, after James Earl (Earle). Independence National Historical Park.

[129] Oil (1874–75) by Thomas Hicks, after Ralph Earl (Earle). Independence National Historical Park.

[130] Lithograph by an unknown artist, from William Brotherhead, The Book of the Signers (1861). Library of Congress.

[132] Watercolor (ca. 1760) by an unknown artist. The R. W. Norton Art Gallery, Shreveport, La.

[133] Oil (1873) by George W. Conarroe, after John Wollaston. Independence National Historical Park.

[135] Library of Congress.

[137] Oil (1912) by Laura J. Schneider, probably after George T. Pool. Independence National Historical Park.

[139] Oil (date unknown) by an unknown artist. New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord.

[140] Oil (1874) by Samuel B. Waugh, after Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

[142] Oil (1888) by Ulysses D. Tenney, after John Trumbull. Hangs in the Moffatt-Ladd House, Portsmouth, N.H. Photographer, Douglas Armsden, Kittery Point, Maine.

[144] Oil (1873) by James J. Sawyer, after John Trumbull. Independence National Historical Park.

[145] Oil (1873) by Philip F. Wharton, after a miniature attributed to James Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

[146] Sketch (date unknown) by C. A. Poulson. Historical Society of Pennsylvania and Independence National Historical Park.

[149] Oil (ca. 1783) by Charles Willson Peale. Independence National Historical Park.

[150] Engraving by Henry Dawkins, after W. Tennant, from An Account of the College of New Jersey (1764). Library of Congress.

[152] Oil (1873) by James R. Lambdin, after Ralph Earl (Earle). Independence National Historical Park.

[154] Oil (1876) by John F. Weir, after John Trumbull. Independence National Historical Park.

[164] National Park Service (Tony P. Wrenn).

[165] National Park Service (Wrenn).

[167] National Park Service (Wrenn).

[168] National Park Service (Wrenn).

[169] National Park Service (Wrenn).

[171] National Park Service (Abbie Rowe).

[172] Aquatint by an unknown artist, from Charles W. Janson, The Stranger in America (1807). Library of Congress.

[174] National Park Service (Charles W. Snell).

[175] National Park Service (John O. Littleton).

[178] National Park Service (Wrenn).

[179] National Park Service (Littleton).

[181] National Park Service (Snell).

[182] National Park Service (Littleton).

[184] National Park Service (Snell).

[185] National Park Service (Snell).

[187] Photographer, William L. Klender.

[188] National Park Service (Littleton).

[190] National Park Service (Littleton).

[192] Engraving (date unknown) probably by Stephen A. Schouff. Library of Congress.

[194] National Park Service (Joseph L. Winn, Jr.).

[196] National Park Service (Wrenn).

[197] National Park Service (Wrenn).

[198] National Park Service (Snell).

[200] National Park Service (Wrenn).

[201] National Park Service (Wrenn).

[203] National Park Service (Snell).

[205] National Park Service (Snell).

[206] Historical Society of Princeton, N.J. Photographer, Constance Greiff.

[207] National Park Service (Snell).

[208] Department of Public Information, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.

[210] National Park Service (Snell).

[211] National Park Service (Snell).

[212] National Park Service (Snell).

[213] National Park Service (Snell).

[215] National Park Service (Snell).

[216] National Park Service (Ralph H. Anderson).

[219] Engraving by an unknown artist, from Columbian Magazine (July 1787). Library of Congress.

[220] National Park Service.

[223] National Park Service.

[224] National Park Service (Jack E. Boucher).

[225] National Park Service.

[227] National Park Service (Snell).

[229] National Park Service (Snell).

[230] National Park Service (Snell).

[232] National Park Service (Wrenn).

[233] National Park Service.

[235] National Park Service (Snell).

[236] Photographer, Jesse Gibbes.

[238] National Park Service (Snell).

[239] National Park Service (Snell).

[241] National Park Service (Littleton).

[242] National Park Service (Littleton).

[244] National Park Service (Snell).

[246] National Park Service (Snell).

[248] National Park Service (Snell).

[250] National Park Service (Snell).

[251] National Park Service (Littleton).

[253] National Park Service (Snell).

[256] National Park Service (Snell).

[265] National Archives.

[266] National Archives.

 — [FRONT END PAPER]: Engraving (1776) by John C. McRae. Independence National Historical Park.

 — [REAR END PAPER]: National Park Service sketch.

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Index

• “A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America in General Congress Assembled,” see [Declaration of Independence]
• A Summary View of the Rights of British America (tract), [86], [87]
• Abingdon, Md., [113]
• Abolition of slavery, see under [Slaves]
• Academies and academic affairs, see [Education]
• Adam architectural style, [174], [239–240], [251–253]
• Adams, Abigail, see [Adams, Mrs. John]
• Adams, Brooks, great-grandson of signer, [33], [194], [195]
• Adams, Charles Francis, grandson of signer, [33], [194], [195]
• Adams, Charles Francis, Jr., great-grandson of signer, [33], [194]
• Adams, “Deacon” John, father of signer, [191–192], [193]
• Adams, Henry, great-grandson of signer, [33], [194]
• Adams, John (signer) (“Atlas of American Independence”), career of and sites associated with, [16], [18], [20], [27], [29], [30], [33–35], [37], [38], [58], [59], [61], [68], [74], [75], [88], [90], [93], [115], [124], [128], [170–173], [191–195], [218], [222], [228], [262]
• Adams, John Quincy, son of signer and sites associated with, [30], [33], [35], [191–195]
• Adams, John Quincy II, great-grandson of signer, [33], [194]
• Adams, Mrs. John (Abigail Smith), wife of signer, [34], [35], [191–192], [193]
• Adams, Mrs. Samuel, first wife of signer, [37]
• Adams, Mrs. Samuel, second wife of signer, [37]
• Adams, Samuel (signer) (“Firebrand of the Revolution”), career of and sites associated with, [12], [27], [31], [36–39], [59], [60], [68], [69], [160], [199]
• Adams (John) Birthplace, Mass., [191–192]
• Adams (John Quincy) Birthplace, Mass., [191], [192–193]
• Adams Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, [192]
• Adams (John) family and descendants, [33], [34], [191–195] passim
• Adams Mansion, see [Adams National Historic Site]
• Adams Memorial Society, [195]
• Adams National Historic Site (Adams Mansion; “Old House”; “Peacefield”; Vassall-Adams House), Mass., [160], [192], [193–195]
• Admiralty boards, courts, and judges:
• civil, see [Merchant marine and maritime affairs];
• naval, see [Continental Navy]
• Advisory Board on National Parks, Historic Sites, Buildings, and Monuments, [161], [272]
• Age of signers: at time of death, compared, [28–29], [43], [45], [52], [62], [98], [99], [109], [199];
• at time of signing, compared, [28–29], [55], [79], [99], [123], [127].
• See also specific signers.
• Agencies of U.S. Government, see under [United States]
• Agricultural Society of S.C., [76]
• Agriculture, see [Farms and farming]
• Alamance, Battle of, N.C., [78]
• Albany, N.Y., [96], [153]
• Albany Congress (1754) and Albany Plan of Union, [56], [79], [80]
• Albemarle County, Va., [86]
• Alcoholic beverages, [51]
• Alexandria, Va., [136], [252]
• Alison, Rev. Francis, educator, [101], [118], [132]
• Allen, Md., [45]
• Allentown, Pa., [221]
• Almanacs, see [Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts]
• America and Americans, see [United States];
• and appropriate topics throughout this index
• American Academy of Arts and Sciences, [116]
• American Philosophical Society, [126], [221], [222], [226]
• American Philosophical Society Hall (Philosophical Hall), Pa., [218–226]
• American Revolution, see [War for Independence];
• and appropriate topics throughout this index
• American Revolution, Daughters of the, see [Daughters of the American Revolution]
• American Revolution, Sons of the, see [Sons of the American Revolution]
• Amesbury, Mass., [39]
• Ammunition, see [Arms, ammunition, and ordnance]
• Ancestry of signers, compared, [27–28] (and see particular signers)
• Anglican Church, [43–44], [45], [56], [62], [77], [113], [122], [136].
• See also [Christianity and religion].
• Anglo-Saxon origin of signers, [27]
• Annapolis and Colonial Annapolis Historic District, Md., [43], [44], [45], [46], [100], [113], [147], [170–191] passim, [263]
• Annapolis Convention (1786), [46], [48], [108], [119]
• Antifederalists and Antifederalism, [61], [94]
• Antislavery movement, see under [Slaves]
• Aquia Creek Quarries, Va., [171]
• Archeologists and archeological excavation, [177]
• Architects, architectural styles, and architectural features, see specific architects, architectural styles, and buildings and residences
• Archives: Federal, see [National Archives and Records Service];
• non-Federal, and Declaration of Independence, [262]
• Ariss, John, architect-builder, [242], [246]
• Aristocrats and aristocracy, [31], [37], [41], [61], [66], [76], [77], [79], [97], [99], [147]
• Arlington, Mass., [60]
• Armies, standing, [60].
• See also especially [Continental Army];
• and various wars, battles, and nations.
• Arms, ammunition, and ordnance, [9], [22], [38], [42], [84], [103], [106], [111], [137], [138], [248]
• Army-Navy Museum, Pa., [224]
• Army of the Potomac (Civil War), [239]
• Arnold, Gen. Benedict, British officer, [239]
• Arson, and historic sites, [40]
• Art and artists, [81–83], [85], [134], [218], [234], [267] (and see [Museums] and illustrations throughout this volume)
• Articles of Association (1774), [267]
• Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union: debated, drafted, adopted, and signed, [29], [36], [39], [59], [71], [76], [81], [84], [90], [91], [93–94], [100], [106], [110], [117], [129], [131], [136], [145], [149], [151], [218];
• document exhibited, [267];
• signers of Declaration who also signed, [29], [36], [39], [59], [76], [90], [93–94], [100], [106], [117], [129], [149].
• See also [Continental Congress].
• Ashley River, [103], [237]
• Assemblies, colonial, provincial, and State: role of, in independence movement, see [Independence movement and British-colonial clash];
• signers serve in, see specific signers.
• See also individual colonies/States.
• Assembly Room (Independence Hall, Pa.), [219–221]
• Athens, Ga., [142]
• Attorneys and attorneys-general, see [Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence]
• Augusta, Ga., [67], [141], [142], [161], [173], [175], [176]
• Augusta (Ga.) Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, [176]
• Authors, see [Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts];
• [Literature and literary figures];
• and particular authors
• Autobiography, of Benjamin Franklin, [58]
• Bachelor signers, [29], [73], [120]
• Back River, [154]
• Baltimore, Md., [45], [46], [50], [124], [183], [184], [185], [187], [217], [263]
• Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, [44]
• Baltimore County, Md., [46]
• Baltimore Municipal Museum, [183]
• Baltimore Museum of Art, [187]
• Bank of England, [46]
• Bank of North America, [108], [147]
• Bank of the United States, First and Second, [218], [224], [226]
• Banks and banking, governmental and private, [46], [108], [147], [218], [224], [226].
• See also [Commerce, trade, and manufacturing];
• [Currency and money];
• [Speculators and speculation].
• Barbados, [59]
• Barclay, Thomas, merchant, [229]
• Bartlett, Josiah (signer), career of and sites associated with, [31], [39–41], [199–201]
• Bartlett, Mrs. Josiah, wife of signer, [40]
• Bartlett descendants, [201]
• Bartlett House, N.H., [199–201]
• Battles, see under name of battle
• Bedford County, Va., [249]
• Beith (town), Scotland, [149]
• Benezet, John, merchant, [230]
• Bennington, Battle of, N.Y., [40]
• Berkeley (Harrison’s Landing) (estate), Va., [70], [71], [239–240]
• Bible, see [Christianity and religion]
• Bicentennial, U.S., [222]
• Bill of Rights, U.S., see under [United States Constitution]
• Birthplaces of signers, see specific signers
• Bishop White House, Pa., [224], [226]
• Blacks, see [Slaves]
• Bonaparte, Joseph, Napoleon’s brother, [204]
• Bonaparte, Napoleon, French ruler, [204]
• Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts:
• favor or oppose U.S. Constitution, [94], [125];
• on astronomy, [130];
• on monetary theory, [130];
• on religion, [149];
• signers write, [33], [35], [55–56], [58], [86], [87], [94], [125], [126], [130], [145], [146], [149], [150];
• support Revolutionary cause, [9], [11], [12], [15], [33], [35], [86], [87], [145], [146], [150].
• See also [Libraries];
• [Literature and literary figures];
• and particular works.
• Borden, Joseph, father-in-law of signer, [204]
• Bordentown, N.J., [82], [204], [205]
• Bordentown (N.J.) Chamber of Commerce, [205]
• Borland, Leonard Vassall, and Adams National Historic Site, [194]
• Boston and Boston Harbor, Mass., [6], [7], [9], [10], [12], [33–34], [36], [37–39], [53–54], [59–60], [68], [69], [77], [93], [115], [116], [120], [143], [193], [199].
• See also entries immediately following.
• Boston (Mass.) Latin School, [36], [68], [77], [115]
• Boston Massacre, [5], [34], [37], [68], [115]
• Boston Port Act, [111]
• “Boston Tea Party,” [7], [38]
• “Bostonians Paying the Excise-Man or Tarring and Feathering,” (The) (cartoon), reproduced, [6]
• Boudinot, Annis, marries signer, [134]
• Boudinot, Elias, brother-in-law of signer, [207]
• Boyhood homes of signers, see specific signers
• Braintree, Mass., see [Quincy]
• Brandywine, Battle of, Pa., [50]
• Braxton, Carter (signer), career of and sites associated with, [29], [41–42], [70], [71], [135], [240–242]
• Braxton, George, brother of signer, [41], [240]
• Braxton, Mrs. Carter, first wife of signer, [41]
• Braxton, Mrs. Carter, second wife of signer, [41]
• Bridgeport, Conn., [65]
• Bristol, England, [62]
• Britain, British, British Isles, British Empire, and British Commonwealth of Nations, see [Great Britain]
• Broadside copies of Declaration, see under [Declaration of Independence]
• Bronx, N.Y., [105].
• See also [New York City and New York Harbor].
• Brookhaven and Brookhaven Township, N.Y., [53]
• Brooklyn and Brooklyn Heights, N.Y., [97], [98].
• See also [New York City and New York Harbor].
• Brothers, among signers, [92]
• Brown University, R.I., [80]
• Bruton Parish, Va., [256]
• Buckland, William, architect, [181–182]
• Bucks County, Pa., [137], [138]
• Builders, buildings, and building materials, see specific builder-architects, buildings, and residences
• Burgesses, House of, see [Virginia House of Burgesses]
• Burgoyne, Gen. John, British officer, [40], [143], [153]
• Burial places and burial grounds, see [Cemeteries and burial places]
• Burke County, Ga., [67]
• Burlington, Mass., [199]
• Burlington and Burlington County, N.J., [148]
• Business and businessmen, see [Commerce, trade, and manufacturing]
• Butterfield, Gen. Daniel, and “Taps,” [240]
• Byberry (“The Homestead”), Pa., [124]
• Byfield (plantation), Del., [120], [121]
• Cadwalader House, Pa., [228]
• Calvinists and Calvinism, [116], [149].
• See also [Christianity and religion];
• [Presbyterians and Presbyterian Church].
• Cambridge, Mass., [9], [60], [68], [196], [197]
• Cambridge University (England), [99], [103], [111]
• Canada, [44], [46], [173]
• Canals, [44]
• Cape Fear region of N.C., [77]
• Capital cities: national, see [United States Capitals];
• State, see particular cities
• Capital punishment, [50], [126]
• Capitol (U.S.), see [United States Capitol]
• Carlisle, Pa., [146]
• Carolinas, [115].
• See also [North Carolina];
• [South Carolina].
• Caroline County, Va., [117]
• Carpenters, [114], [201], [217], [221]
• Carpenters’ Company of Philadelphia, [217], [221]
• Carpenters’ Hall, Pa., [8], [217], [221], [224], [226]
• Carroll, Charles I, grandfather of signer, [185]
• Carroll, Charles II, father of signer, [43], [185]
• Carroll, Charles III, of Carrollton (signer), career of and sites associated with, [16], [28], [31], [35], [43–45], [46], [52], [114], [179–181], [183–186]
• Carroll, Charles V, grandson of signer, [186]
• Carroll, Father John, cousin of signer, [44]
• Carroll, Mary, daughter of signer, [45], [183]
• Carroll (Charles) American Heritage Association, Inc., [185]
• Carroll family and descendants, [43], [179], [180], [181], [183], [185]
• Carroll Mansion, Md., [43], [179–180]
• “Carroll Vocational School,” Md., [184]
• Carrollton Manor, Md., [43], [180–181], [185]
• Carskerdo, Scotland, [145]
• Carter, Robert “King,” grandfather of signer, [41]
• Carter-May House, S.C., see [Rutledge House]
• Carvel Hall Hotel, Md., [189]
• Catasauqua, Pa., [230]
• Catholic Church, see [Roman Catholic Church]
• Caton, Mary Carroll, daughter of signer, [45], [183]
• Caton, Richard, son-in-law of signer, [45], [183]
• Caton family, [184]
• Cecil County, Md., [118], [124]
• Cemeteries and burial places, of signers, marked, [160] (and see specific signers)
• Centennial (U.S.) Exposition, [264]
• Chain Bridge, [263]
• Chancery courts, see [Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence]
• Channing, William Ellery, descendant of signer, [52]
• Chantilly (estate), Va., [92], [94]
• Chapels and chaplains, see [Christianity and religion]
• Charitable organizations, [166]
• Charles Carroll American Heritage Association, Inc., [185]
• Charles City and Charles City County, Va., [70]
• Charles County, Md., [135–136], [189]
• Charleston and Charleston Harbor, S.C., [65], [76], [103], [104], [127], [128], [129], [233]
• Charleston County, S.C., [99]
• Charleston “double house,” [233–234]
• Charleston (S.C.) Museum, [234]
• Charlestown, Mass., [9]
• Charlottesville, Va., [88], [89], [243], [250]
• Charter of Privileges (1701), [221]
• Chase, Mrs. Samuel, first wife of signer, [45], [46]
• Chase, Mrs. Samuel, second wife of signer, [46]
• Chase, Samuel (signer) (“Demosthenes of Maryland”), career of and sites associated with, [16], [29], [44], [45–46], [113], [114], [136], [161], [181–182]
• Chase family and descendants, [183]
• Chase-Lloyd House, Md., [161], [181–183]
• Chatham County, Ga., [67]
• “Chawton Manor,” Pa., [230]
• Chemistry education, [123], [124]
• Chericoke (estate), Va., [42], [240]
• Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company, [44]
• Chester and Chester County, Pa., [50], [101], [109], [110], [118], [137], [138]
• Chestertown, Md., [114]
• Chew, Benjamin, lawyer-jurist, [82]
• Chilbury Hall, Md., [113]
• Children of signers, number and careers of, compared, [29–30], [41] (and see individual signers)
• Christ Church, Christ Churchyard, and Christ Church Burial Ground, Pa., [58], [75], [83], [108], [123], [126], [148], [224], [226]
• Christ Episcopal Church, Del., [121]
• Christianity and religion, and historic sites, [160], [181], [186], [199];
• and signers, [28], [31], [33], [43], [45], [65], [68], [73], [77], [88], [90], [95], [97], [115], [116], [122], [149–150], [181], [186];
• freedom in, [88], [90], [97];
• in Colonies, [55–56];
• in public education, [126];
• in Scotland, [149–150];
• in Va., [90], [93], [263];
• theologian prominent in, [52].
• See also specific denominations and churches.
• Churches and church affairs, see [Christianity and religion]
• Circuit courts and judges, U.S., see [United States Judiciary]
• Cities, towns, and villages: and committees/councils of correspondence, see [Committees of correspondence];
• and committees/councils of safety, see [Committees of safety];
• and historic preservation, [160];
• and signers, see particular signers.
• See also individual cities, towns, and villages.
• City Hall, old, New York City, see [Federal Hall]
• City Hall (Philadelphia), [218], [221]
• City Tavern (Philadelphia), [222]
• Civic affairs and politics, role of signers in, see specific signers
• Civic organizations, and historic preservation, [160]
• Civil War (U.S.), [186], [236], [239], [251]
• Clark, Abraham (signer), career of and sites associated with, [47–48], [160]
• Clarke, Rev. Jonas, relative of signer, [199]
• Clarke Hall (Philadelphia), [222]
• Classical and Classic Revival architectural style, [183–184].
• See also [Greek Revival architectural style].
• Classics, studied, see under [Education]
• Clay, Henry, law student, [154], [156]
• Clergymen, see [Christianity and religion]
• Clymer, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, [29], [49–51], [134], [229]
• Cobblers, [129]
• Codes, legal, see [Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence]
• Codfish, [59]
• College Hill (Walton-Harper House), Ga., [142], [173–175]
• College of Charleston, S.C., [104]
• College of New Jersey, see [Princeton University]
• College of Philadelphia, [82], [113], [124], [126], [146], [148]
• College of William and Mary, Va., [41], [70], [86], [154–156]
• Colleges and universities, and historic sites, [160];
• chemistry education in, [123], [124];
• classical education in, [154], [156];
• legal education in, [154–156];
• medical education in, [123–126];
• signers aid, head, and serve, [67], [123–126], [142], [146], [148], [150–151], [154–156];
• signers attend, [30] (and see particular signers).
• See also [Education];
• and specific colleges and universities.
• Colonial and colonial Philadelphia architectural style, [172], [228], [246], [252]
• Colonial Annapolis Historic District, Md., see [Annapolis and Colonial Annapolis Historic District]
• Colonial Dames of America, [160], [202]
• Colonial National Historical Park, Va., [160], [247–249]
• Colonial Park Cemetery, Ga., [64]
• Colonial Williamsburg, Va., see [Williamsburg, Williamsburg Historic District, and Colonial Williamsburg]
• Colonies, Thirteen (British-American): and British Empire, [147], [156];
• and signers, see [Signers of the Declaration] and individual signers;
• architecture in, see particular styles;
• confederations of, actual and proposed, [16], [34], [56], [79], [80] (and see [Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union]);
• constitutions, legislatures, and governments of, [9], [15] (and see specific colonies/States);
• cultural heritage of, [8];
• foreign nations recognize independence of, [35];
• government and diplomacy of, see [Continental Congress];
• heroes and prominent men in, [27], [31], [34], [37], [43], [55], [56], [68], [115];
• independence movement in, see [Independence movement and British-colonial clash], [Declaration of Independence], and [Independence resolution];
• meetings and congresses of, [56], [79], [80], [93], [132];
• proprietary, [43], [56–57], [113], [120], [122], [136];
• publications popular in, [15], [55–56], [81];
• regions and trade of, [30], [62];
• status of Ga. in, [15], [64], [89];
• territory added to, [3];
• wars in, see specific wars.
• See also [Continental Congress];
• States;
• [War for Independence];
• individual colonies/States and regions;
• and appropriate topics throughout this index.
• Columbia University (King’s College), N.Y., [97]
• Commerce, trade, and manufacturing: and colonial protest, [97];
• and historic sites, [160], [181], [228];
• and signers, [27], [31] (and see specific signers);
• Britain-Colonies, [4], [8], [9], [37–38], [62], [68];
• Continental Congress regulates, [49], [52], [95];
• embargoes and restrictions on, see [Independence movement and British-colonial clash];
• France-Colonies, [147];
• in slaves, see [Slaves];
• in various colonies, [36], [52], [55], [80], [101], [120], [184], [202];
• Indian-Colonies, [4];
• individuals other than signers in, [51], [59], [62], [68], [106], [111], [115], [184], [204], [251];
• treaties deal with, [35], [58], [88–89].
• See also [Banks and banking];
• [Merchant marine and maritime affairs];
• [Taxes and taxation].
• Commissions and commissioners, see individual commissions, governmental bodies, and topics
• Committee of fifty-one, [95], [98]
• Committee of one hundred, [98]
• Committee of sixty, [95], [98]
• Committees, see particular agencies, governmental bodies, topics, and entries immediately preceding and following
• Committees of correspondence, [7–8], [37–38], [40], [44], [45], [59], [70], [72], [73], [78], [81], [93], [106], [113], [130], [136], [138], [146], [150]
• Committees of safety, [9], [10], [40], [42], [44], [45], [47], [49], [54], [60], [68], [72], [76], [103], [106], [114], [122], [131], [138], [139], [140], [141], [143], [145]
• Common Ground Cemetery, R.I., [52]
• Common schools, see [Education]
• Common Sense (pamphlet), [11], [12], [15], [124]
• Community affairs and politics, role of signers in, see specific signers
• Companies, see [Commerce, trade, and manufacturing]
• Composers, musical, see [Music and musicians]
• Concord and Battle of Concord, Mass., [8], [9], [10], [12], [38], [42], [60], [68]
• Confederacy (Civil War), [251]
• Confederations: of Colonies, actual and proposed, see under [Colonies];
• of Thirteen States, see [Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union];
• Continental Congress
• Conferences, see particular agencies, governmental bodies, and topics
• Confiscation of lands, see under [Land]
• Congregationalists and Congregational Church, [65], [68], [77], [144], [150], [166].
• See also [Christianity and religion].
• Congresses, colonies/States, see individual colonies/States;
• Continental, see Continental Congress;
• intercolonial, see under [Colonies];
• U.S., see [United States Congress]
• Congress Hall (County Court House), Pa., [218], [221], [223], [226]
• Congressional Cemetery, D.C., [62]
• Connecticut (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, [16], [18], [24], [53], [72], [83–84], [123], [129–131], [133], [143], [144–145], [152–153], [164–170], [211]
• Connecticut (Great) Compromise, in U.S. Constitutional Convention, [131]
• Conservatives and conservatism, political, [14], [16], [18], [22–23], [37], [41], [42], [45–46], [56], [70], [71], [72], [73], [79], [80], [88], [94], [96], [101], [113], [114], [118], [119], [128], [135], [136], [141–142], [145], [147];
• religious, [56], [65]
• Considerations on the Nature and Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament (tract), [146]
• Constitutional conventions and constitutions: British, see under [Great Britain];
• colonies/States, see specific colonies/States;
• U.S., see [United States Constitution] and [United States Constitutional Convention]
• Continental Army, and signers, [27], [34], [40], [60], [99–100], [107], [111];
• battles and campaigns of, see [War for Independence];
• Continental Congress regulates, [34], [49], [60], [71], [84], [91], [98], [101], [105], [115], [143], [145], [147], [151];
• created, [14], [217];
• Declaration distributed to, [22];
• financed, [14], [60], [106–108];
• inspected, [134];
• leadership of, [14], [29], [34], [41], [69], [74–75], [217], [264];
• medical service and conditions in, [40], [125], [228];
• recruiting poster of, reproduced, [10];
• recruitment-enlistment for, [60], [121];
• supplied, [14], [60], [84], [95], [106–108], [137], [138];
• veterans of, [60], [114].
• See also [Militia].
• Continental Association, [9], [66], [103]
• Continental Congress (First and Second), adjourns and convenes, [7–8], [9], [14], [38], [93];
• and Adams (John), [18], [33–35], [38];
• and Articles of Confederation, see [Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union];
• and Bank of North America, see [Bank of North America];
• and Colonies, see [Colonies];
• and committees of correspondence and safety, see [Committees of correspondence] and [Committees of safety];
• and Cornwallis’ surrender, [218];
• and Declaration of Independence, see [Declaration of Independence];
• and Halifax Resolves, [74];
• and Hancock, [69];
• and independence from Britain, see [Independence movement and British-colonial clash] and [Independence resolution];
• and Indians, see [Indians and Indian affairs];
• and maritime matters, see [Merchant marine and maritime affairs];
• and Olive Branch Petition, [14];
• and signers, see particular signers;
• and U.S. Constitution, see [United States Constitution];
• book on, [268];
• Delegates and delegations to, see individual Delegates and colonies/States and under Counties and parishes;
• diplomatic program of, see [Diplomats and diplomacy];
• father-son team in, [100];
• fiscal problems and policies of, [31], [49–50], [60], [71], [106–108], [111], [117], [131], [141], [143], [151];
• gathering place for members of, [222];
• key days in, [18];
• meetingplaces of, front endpaper, [8], [14], [50], [217], [219–221], [224], [263];
• memorialized, [221];
• officials of, [22], [24], [39], [52], [67], [69], [84], [92], [94], [101], [117], [136], [207], [262–263], [267];
• organization and committees/commissions of, [8], [15], [16], [34], [40], [44], [49–50], [52], [54], [71], [74], [81], [84], [91], [95], [98], [105], [110], [115], [131], [138], [141], [143], [147], [151];
• profiteering in, [31], [46], [106–107];
• prominent men not Delegates to, [27];
• regulates commerce, [49], [52], [95];
• representation and voting procedures in, [8], [15], [18], [24], [27], [39], [66] (and see individual colonies/States);
• sectional rivalries in, [74];
• temper and range of political opinion in, [8–9], [14–15], [16], [18], [34], [88], [135], [136], [141], [147].
• See also entries immediately preceding and following, specific colonies/States, and appropriate topics throughout this index.
• Continental currency, [31], [49], [69]
• Continental Loan Office, [52]
• Continental Navy, [15], [34], [52], [74–75], [81], [82], [108]
• Continental Navy Board, [82]. See also [Continental Navy].
• Convention of Saratoga, see [Saratoga and Battle of Saratoga]
• Conventions, see individual conventions, colonies/States, and appropriate topics
• Conway, Thomas, and Conway Cabal, [60], [95], [125]
• Coopers, [83]
• Corbin, Richard, father-in-law of signer, [42]
• Cornwallis, Gen. Charles, British officer, [218], [248]
• Corporations, see [Commerce, trade, and manufacturing]
• Correspondence, committees/councils of, see [Committees of correspondence]
• Coton (estate), Va., [91]
• Cotton planters, see [Planters and plantations]
• Councils, see particular councils, cities, towns, colonies/States, and appropriate topics
• Councils of correspondence, see [Committees of correspondence]
• Councils of safety, see [Committees of safety]
• Counties and parishes, and committees/councils of correspondence and safety, see [Committees of correspondence] and [Committees of safety];
• militia of, see [Militia];
• offices in and affairs of, role of signers in, see specific signers;
• send Delegates to Continental Congress, [54], [66], [141].
• See also individual colonies/States and counties/parishes.
• Counting rooms and houses, [36], [184], [202]
• County Court House, Pa., see [Congress Hall]
• Courts, see [Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence]
• Coventry Forge, Pa., [137]
• Criteria of eligibility of sites and buildings for National Historic Landmark status, [161], [270–271]
• Crown, British, see [Colonies];
• Great Britain
• Crown Point, N.Y., [115]
• Cumberland County, Pa., [122]
• Currency and money, and Continental Congress, see under [Continental Congress];
• British problems with, [3];
• Continental, [31], [49], [69];
• signers raise to further Revolutionary cause, [31], [49];
• speculation in, see [Speculators and speculation];
• status of signers regarding, see [Wealth and financial status of signers];
• theory on, [130]. See also [Banks and banking].
• Customs laws, collection, and officials, British and American, [3], [4], [6], [34], [37], [52], [68], [82], [101]
• Dana, Richard Henry, Sr., grandson of signer, [52]
• Dartmouth College, N.H., [40], [84]
• Daughters of signers, see particular signers
• Daughters of the American Revolution, [160], [176], [192], [224], [227]
• Daughters of the Revolution, [160]
• Dawes, William, patriot, [10], [199]
• “Dean’s House,” N.J., see [President’s House]
• Deaths of signers: age at, compared, [28–29];
• earliest, [62], [98], [109], [199];
• latest, [35], [43];
• on anniversary of adoption of Declaration, [35], [90].
• See also specific signers.
• Debts and economic reversals of signers, [36–37], [46], [63–64], [69], [73], [78], [89–90], [107–108], [112], [132], [146], [148], [196], [213]
• “Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America in General Congress Assembled” (A), see [Declaration of Independence]
• Declaration of Independence, and Adams (John), [16], [18], [20], [33–34];
• and Va. constitution, [20];
• anniversary of, [35], [90], [264];
• author of, see [Jefferson, Thomas];
• books on, [268–269];
• broadside copies of, [22], [69], [262];
• building, residence, and rooms involved in creation of, [18], [159–160], [217], [222], rear endpaper;
• celebrated and read publicly, [22], [217], [264];
• contents and style of, analyzed, [20], [22];
• debated, altered, adopted, and signed, [3], [18], [20], [22], [23–24], [28], [33], [34], [67], [69], [71], [72], [76], [81], [82], [88], [90], [93], [95], [100], [106], [110], [117], [120], [123], [124], [129], [136], [159–160], [217], [219–220], [222], [262] (and see individual signers);
• desk written on, [222], [245];
• displayed, in various places, [3], [262–267];
• displayed, photo of, [266];
• drafted, [14], [16], [18], [33], [34], [55], [57–58], [88], [90], [93], [129], [130], [217], [228], [245], [262], [263];
• drafting committee of, illus. of, [ii];
• historical background and origins of, [3–24];
• history of document, [262–267];
• Jefferson presents to Hancock, in mural, [267];
• misconceptions concerning, [23–24];
• newspapers describe and publish, [21];
• parchment copy of, [23–24], [69], [262–267];
• parchment copy of, facsimile of, reproduced, [19];
• political philosophy of, [20];
• preamble of, [20];
• predicted, [78], [82];
• presented to Continental Congress, illus. of, [ii];
• printed and distributed, [22], [23–24], [262];
• reflects unanimity, [23];
• revised draft of, [262];
• rough draft of, illus. of first page of, [17];
• rough drafts of, [17], [18], [20], [262];
• signatures on, order and nature of, [23–24], [39], [60], [67], [93], [100], [139], [140], [153], [155], [217], [262];
• signers of, see [Signers of the Declaration] and specific signers;
• significance and influence of, [3], [20];
• text of, reprinted, [259–262];
• titles of, [23];
• traditions concerning, [52], [58], [69], [79].
• See also [Independence movement and British-colonial clash];
• [Independence resolution].
• “Declaration of Independence” (The) (painting), reproduced, [ii]
• “Declaration of Rights,” [20].
• See also [Rights].
• Degrees, academic and honorary, signers earn, see individual signers
• Deists, [28]
• Delaware (Three Lower Counties) (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, [16], [18], [24], [27], [100–102], [118–121], [122], [135].
• See also [Pennsylvania].
• Delaware County, Pa., [109]
• Delegates, see particular legislative bodies and appropriate topics
• Democracy, [3].
• See also appropriate related topics throughout this index.
• Democratic-Republicans and Democratic-Republican Party, [52], [61–62], [85], [89], [102].
• See also [Jeffersonians].
• Departments of U.S. Government, see appropriate departments following United States
• Derry Village, N.H., [139], [203]
• Descendants of signers, achieve distinction, [29–30];
• and historic sites, [160].
• See also specific signers and individuals.
• Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, Inc., [160]
• Deshler-Morris House, Pa., [224], [226]
• Deshon, Christopher, merchant, [183]
• Deshon-Caton-Carroll House, Md., [45], [183–185]
• Dickinson, John, lawyer-legislator, [18], [69], [93], [110], [119], [146]
• Dickinson College, Pa., [126]
• Dinwiddie, Robert, British official, [154]
• Diplomats and diplomacy, [15], [16], [29], [33], [35], [44], [46], [55], [58], [61], [71], [85], [88], [93], [95], [98], [128], [136], [143], [151], [193–196]
• Disease, sickness, and physical afflictions of signers, see particular signers
• District courts, U.S., see [United States Judiciary]
• District of Columbia, see [Washington, D.C.]
• Doctors, medical education, medical practice, and hospitals, [31], [39–40], [56], [65], [66], [67], [97], [98], [121], [123–127], [139–140], [152], [201], [203], [218], [228].
• On the health of individual signers, see specific signers.
• Dorchester, Mass., [129]
• Dorchester, S.C., [65]
• Doric architectural style, [166], [176], [186], [244]
• “Double house,” [233–234]
• Doughoregan Manor, Md., [43], [45], [179], [180], [183], [185–186]
• Dover, Del., [18], [101], [119], [120], [121]
• Down Hatherly (village), England, [62]
• Drafting, of Articles of Confederation, see [Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union];
• of Declaration, see [Declaration of Independence];
• of key State documents, see individual States;
• of U.S. Constitution, see [United States Constitution]
• Drafts, various, of Declaration, see [Declaration of Independence]
• Dublin, Ireland, [118], [172]
• Duels, [62], [63], [64], [117]
• Duke of Leinster, [172]
• Dunmore, Lord John M., British official, [42], [111]
• Durham Furnace, Pa., [137], [138]
• Dutch, see [Holland]
• Duties, see [Customs laws, collection, and officials]
• East Cemetery, Conn., [153]
• East River, [97]
• East Windsor, Conn., [153]
• Eastern Shore, see [Maryland]
• Easton, Pa., [137], [138], [230]
• Easton Cemetery, Pa., [138]
• Economic matters, see mainly [Banks and banking];
• [Commerce, trade, and manufacturing]
• Economic status of signers, see [Wealth and financial status of signers]
• Edenton, N.C., [73], [78], [148]
• Edge, Gov. (N.J.) and Mrs. Walter E., and Morven, [208]
• Edinburgh, Scotland, [134], [149]
• Education, and Jefferson, [85], [86];
• and Lowell, [195–196];
• classical, [39], [45], [154];
• in chemistry, [123], [124];
• in various colonies/States, [84], [102], [229], [245], [252], [255];
• legal, see [Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence];
• medical, see [Doctors, medical education, medical practice, and hospitals];
• of signers, compared, [27], [28], [30] (and see specific signers);
• reform of, [126];
• religious, in public schools, [126] (and see [Christianity and religion]);
• signers further as teachers, professors, and administrators, [33], [56], [65], [67], [80], [85], [115], [142], [154–156].
• See also [Colleges and universities].
• Elections and elective officials, see particular legislative bodies, offices, individuals, and colonies/States
• Electors, presidential, see under [United States Presidents and Presidency]
• Elementary schools, see [Education]
• Eligibility of sites and buildings for National Historic Landmark status, see [National Historic Landmarks]
• Elizabeth City County, Va., [154]
• Ellery, William (signer), career of and sites associated with, [51–52], [160]
• Elmwood (Oliver-Gerry-Lowell House), Mass., [195–197]
• Elsing Green (estate), Va., [41], [42], [240–242]
• Emancipation of slaves, see [Slaves]
• Embargoes, see [Independence movement and British-colonial clash]
• Emley, John, see [Imlay, John]
• England and Englishmen, see [Colonies];
• Great Britain
• English language and literature, see [Literature and literary figures]
• Epidemics, see [Doctors, medical education, medical practice, and hospitals]
• Esopus, N.Y., [98]
• Essays and essayists, see [Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts]
• Essays: Literary, Moral, and Philosophical (book), [126]
• Essex County, N.J., [47]
• Eton (school), England, [99]
• Europe, and Poor Richard’s Almanac, [55–56];
• architecture in, [172];
• capital from, [148];
• colonists from, and western lands, [148];
• culture of, [88];
• medical students from, [126];
• signers visit and study in, [30], [43], [88], [92], [95], [103], [179], [180], [192], [193], [235];
• U.S. diplomats in, see [Diplomats and diplomacy.]
• See also specific countries.
• Excavation, archeological, [177]
• “Exceptional value,” sites and buildings of, see [National Historic Landmarks]
• Excise taxes, see under [Taxes and taxation]
• Exeter, N.H., [143]
• Exhibition Hall (National Archives Building, D.C.), [262], [266], [267]
• Exports, see [Commerce, trade, and manufacturing]
• Facsimiles of Declaration, see under [Declaration of Independence]
• Fairfax County, Va., [91]
• Families of signers, suffer during War for Independence, [31], [47], [54], [71–72], [94–95], [104–105], [110].
• See also specific signers and families.
• Farms and farming: and signers, [31], [45], [47], [53], [72], [80], [83], [85], [101], [109], [110], [117], [124], [129], [134], [140], [164], [203], [209], [210–211], [212–213];
• in various areas, [33], [76], [101], [117], [138], [140], [164], [166], [230], [255].
• See also [Planters and plantations].
• Farmville, Va., [141]
• Federal, see United States entries and those immediately following
• Federal City, see [Washington, D.C.]
• Federal Hall (old City Hall), New York City, [263]
• Federal period architecture and literature, [81], [170]
• Federalists and Federalist Party, [35], [44], [46], [52], [61], [89], [102], [108], [116], [119], [128], [131], [156].
• See also [Hamilton, Alexander, and Hamiltonians].
• Ferries, [140]
• Financial matters, see [Currency and money];
• [Wealth and financial status of signers]
• Finian (estate), N.C., [77], [78], [79], [214]
• Finns and Finland, [109]
• Fire Island National Seashore, N.Y., [160], [210–212]
• Fires, and historic sites, [40], [86], [97], [159], [199], [207], [247], [250], [263]
• First Bank of the United States, see [Bank of the United States]
• First Bank of the United States Building, Pa., [224], [226]
• First Baptist Church, N.J., [72]
• First Continental Congress, see [Continental Congress]
• First Presbyterian Church Cemetery, Pa., [133]
• First South Carolina Regiment of Continentals, [99]
• Fiscal matters, see [Currency and money]
• Floor plans, see specific houses
• Florida (region and State), [76], [104], [128], [233]
• Floyd, Mrs. William, first wife of signer, [53]
• Floyd, Mrs. William, second wife of signer, [54]
• Floyd, Nicoll, son of signer, [54], [211], [212]
• Floyd, William (signer), career of and sites associated with, [53–54], [210–213]
• Floyd Birthplace (Fire Island National Seashore), N.Y., [53], [54], [160], [210–212]
• Floyd family and descendants, [54], [210–213]
• Floyd (General) House, N.Y., see [General Floyd House]
• Flushing, N.Y., [95]
• Food shortages, [147]
• Foreign affairs, see [Diplomats and diplomacy]
• Foreign born signers, [27–28] (and see particular signers)
• “Formation of the Union” exhibit, [267]
• Fort Knox, Ky., [265]
• Fort Oswego, N.Y., [95]
• Fort Stanwix, N.Y., Second Treaty of (1784), [153]
• “Fort Wilson” (residence), Pa., [146], [147], [222]
• Foundations, historic, and historic sites, [160]
• Founders’ Monument, Ga., see [Signers’ Monument]
• France, and Democratic-Republicans, [61];
• and signers, [35], [43], [58], [95], [100], [145], [147];
• and War for Independence, [145];
• artist-engineer from, [171];
• cedes land to Britain, [3], [4];
• commerce of, [147];
• diplomacy of and U.S. diplomats in, [35], [55], [58], [61], [88];
• fortress of, [139];
• loans money to Continental Congress, [108];
• revolution in, [35], [88–89];
• undeclared war of, with U.S., [35], [61];
• wallpaper from, [202];
• wars of, see specific wars.
• See also [New France].
• Franklin, Benjamin (signer), career of and sites associated with, [16], [18], [20], [27], [28], [29], [35], [44], [55–58], [79], [82], [88], [110], [124], [128], [147], [160], [221], [222], [224]
• Franklin, James, half-brother of signer, [55]
• Franklin College, Ga., [67], [142]
• Franklin stoves, [204]
• Frederick and Frederick County, Md., [43], [135]
• French and Indian War, [3], [56], [95], [97], [115], [144]
• French language, [44]
• French Revolution, [35], [88–89]
• Friends Meeting House Cemetery, N.J., [51]
• Frontier and frontiersmen, [4], [54], [56], [78], [85], [86], [108], [141], [147], [148], [212]
• Fulling mills, [72]
• Furniture and furnishings, associated with signers, collectively, [219], [221].
• See also individual sites.
• Gadsden, Christopher, legislator, [128]
• Gage, Gen. Thomas, British officer-official, [10]
• Galloway, John, Loyalist, [138]
• Gardens, famous, [236–237]. See also specific sites.
• Garrison house, [178]
• General Floyd House, N.Y., [54], [212–213]
• General Services Administration (U.S.), see [United States General Services Administration]
• George II, King of England, [68]
• George III, King of England, [4], [8], [15], [22], [24], [68]
• George Taylor Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, [227]
• Georgetown and Georgetown County, S.C., [99]
• Georgia (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, [8], [9], [15], [16], [18], [24], [30], [51], [54], [56], [62–67], [76], [138], [140–142], [148], [161], [173–177]
• Georgia State Society, Daughters of the American Revolution, [176]
• Georgian architectural style, [176–178], [181–183], [185–191], [194–198], [201–202], [206–213], [218–219], [226–227], [229–234], [239–249], [251–256]
• German Evangelical Lutheran Church, Pa., [138]
• Germans and Germany, [40]
• Germantown and Battle of Germantown, Pa., [23], [151], [224]
• Germantown (Pa.) Historical Society, [226]
• Gerry, Elbridge (signer), career of and sites associated with, [24], [29], [59–62], [195–198]
• Gerry, Mrs. Elbridge, wife of signer, [61–62]
• Gerry, Thomas, father of signer, [197]
• Gerry Birthplace, Mass., [197–198]
• Gerry family, [197]
• “Gerrymander,” [61]
• Gifford (village), Scotland, [149]
• Glamorganshire, Wales, [95]
• Glasgow, Scotland, [149]
• Gloria Dei (Old Swedes’) Church National Historic Site, Pa., [226]
• Gloucestershire, England, [62]
• “God save the King” (British national anthem), [76]
• “God save the thirteen States” (song), [76]
• Goochland County, Va., [86]
• Governor Hopkins House, R.I., [231–232]
• Governor Huntington House, Conn., see [Huntington House]
• Governors, see specific colonies/States and individuals
• Grace Episcopal Church, Va., [112]
• Graff, Jacob, Jr., House, Pa.: and Declaration of Independence, [18], [222];
• illus. of, [225], rear endpaper
• Graham, Gov. (N.C.) William A., and Nash-Hooper House, [214]
• Grammar schools, see [Education]
• Granville County, N.C., [117]
• Graves, graveyards, and gravestones, see [Cemeteries and burial places]
• Great Britain, agents of various American colonies in, [56];
• and Federalists, [61];
• and Ga., [15], [64], [89];
• and Liberty Bell, [221];
• and signers, [28], [31], [41], [56], [62], [64], [68], [76], [82], [88], [95], [99], [103], [106], [109], [111], [113], [115], [127], [136], [143], [240];
• and slave trade, [20];
• Army of, see [Independence movement and British-colonial clash] and specific wars;
• Bank of England in, [46];
• clashes with American Colonies, see [Independence movement and British-colonial clash] and [War for Independence];
• colonies of, see [Colonies];
• Commonwealth of Nations of, [147];
• “conspiracy” in, [3–4];
• constitution of, [15];
• creditors in, [4], [78];
• debtors in, [78];
• diplomacy of and U.S. diplomats in, [35], [194], [196];
• Empire of, and Colonies, [155];
• financial problems of, [3];
• France cedes lands to, [3], [4];
• grants lands, [95];
• kings of, see specific kings;
• national anthem of, [76];
• navy of, [64], [98], [141];
• Parliament of, see under [Independence movement and British-colonial clash];
• people of, and Declaration of Independence, [20];
• recognizes U.S. independence, see [Treaty of Paris];
• reorganization of imperial structure of, [147];
• Revolutionary tracts circulate in, [81], [146];
• rights of citizens of, [8–9];
• ties of, to American Colonies, [8];
• trade of, [8], [9], [31], [37], [46];
• treasury of, [3];
• wars of, see specific wars.
• See also [Irish, Ireland, and Scotch-Irish];
• [Scots, Scotland, and Scotch-Irish];
• [Wales and Welshmen];
• and other appropriate topics throughout this index.
• Great Compromise, in U.S. Constitutional Convention, [131]
• Greek language, [39], [156]
• Greek Revival architectural style, [164–165], [166], [168], [180], [185–186], [199–201], [203–204], [207–208], [231]
• Greenland, [115]
• Greensboro, N.C., [79], [118], [161]
• Greenwich Forge and Greenwich Township, N.J., [138], [226]
• Grievances, colonial, see [Independence movement and British-colonial clash]
• Grist mills, [72]
• Grove Street Cemetery, Conn., [131]
• Guilford Courthouse National Military Park, N.C., [79], [118], [161], [216]
• Guns and gunpowder, see [Arms, ammunition, and ordnance]
• Gwinnett, Button (signer), career of and sites associated with, [27–28], [62–64], [65], [67], [98], [140], [161], [176–177]
• Gwinnett, Mrs. Button, wife of signer, [62]
• H-shaped buildings, [251–253], [253–255]
• Habre-de-Venture (estate), Md., [136], [186–188], [189]
• Hackney School, England, [103], [111]
• Haddington (town) and Haddington Presbytery, Scotland, [149]
• Hague (town), Va., [94]
• “Hail Columbia” (song), [81]
• Halifax Resolves, [74]
• Hall, Lyman (signer), career of and sites associated with, [31], [64], [65–67], [140], [141], [160], [161]
• Hall, Mrs. Lyman, first wife of signer, [65]
• Hall, Mrs. Lyman, second wife of signer, [65]
• Hall, Rev. Samuel, uncle of signer, [65]
• Hall family, [66]
• Hall’s Knoll (estate), Ga., [66], [67]
• Hamilton, Alexander, and Hamiltonians, [35], [89].
• See also [Federalists and Federalist Party].
• Hamilton, Andrew, lawyer-architect, [217]
• Hampton, Va., [154]
• Hancock, John (signer), career of and sites associated with, [12], [22], [24], [34], [37], [38], [39], [59], [60], [67–69], [115], [116], [198–199], [262], [267]
• Hancock, John George Washington, son of signer, [69]
• Hancock, Rev. John, grandfather of signer, [199]
• Hancock, Thomas, uncle of signer, [68], [199]
• Hancock-Clarke House, Mass., [198–199]
• Hancock family, [199]
• Hanover County, Va., [42], [112], [247]
• Harford County, Md., [113]
• Harper family, [175]
• Harrison, Benjamin IV, father of signer, [239]
• Harrison, Benjamin V (signer) (“Falstaff of Congress”), career of and sites associated with, [30], [69], [70–71], [239–240]
• Harrison, Benjamin VI, son of signer, [239]
• Harrison, Benjamin, great-grandson of signer and President, [30], [70], [239]
• Harrison, Joseph H., legislator, [114], [136]
• Harrison, Mrs. Benjamin V, wife of signer, [70]
• Harrison, William Henry, son of signer and President, [30], [70], [239]
• Harrison family, [70], [71], [240]
• Harrison’s Landing, Va., see [Berkeley]
• Hart, John (signer) (“Honest John”), career of and sites associated with, [71–72], [160]
• Hart, Mrs. John, wife of signer, [72]
• Harvard College and University, Mass., [30], [33], [36], [51], [59], [68], [77], [115], [144], [197]
• Hayes Plantation, N.C., [148]
• Health of signers, see specific signers
• Henry, Patrick, career of, [27], [28], [42], [70], [71], [86], [88], [92], [93], [111]
• Heraldic emblems, [82]
• Hessians, see [Germans and Germany]
• Hewes, Joseph (signer), career of and sites associated with, [29], [73–75], [116], [117], [161], [206], [224]
• Heyward, Daniel, father of signer, [233]
• Heyward, Mrs. Thomas, Jr., first wife of signer, [76]
• Heyward, Mrs. Thomas, Jr., second wife of signer, [76]
• Heyward, Thomas, Jr. (signer), career of and sites associated with, [31], [75–76], [99], [104], [127], [128], [233–234]
• Heyward family, [76], [234]
• Heyward-Washington House, S.C., [233–234]
• Higher education, see [Colleges and universities]
• Hills, The (estate), Pa., [108]
• Hillsborough, N.C., [79], [214]
• Historians and historiography, [33], [194].
• See also entries immediately following.
• Historic Annapolis, Inc., [189]
• Historic Districts, see [National Historic Landmarks]
• Historic foundations, and historic sites, [160]
• Historic Places, National Register of, see [National Register of Historic Places]
• Historic preservation activities and problems, [159–162].
• See also entries immediately preceding and following.
• Historic sites and buildings of national significance, see [National Historic Landmarks]
• Historical societies, State and local: and historic preservation, [160]
• Historiography, see [Historians and historiography]
• Hoban, James, architect, [171], [172]
• Holland (Dutch Republic; Netherlands), [35], [96], [211]
• Homes of signers, see [Residences of signers]
• “Homestead” (The), Pa., see [Byberry]
• “Honeymoon Cottage,” Va., [244], [245]
• Hooper, Mrs. William, wife of signer, [77]
• Hooper, Rev. William, father of signer, [77]
• Hooper, William (signer) (“Prophet of Independence”), career of and sites associated with, [31], [77–79], [116], [117], [161], [214–216]
• Hopewell, N.J., [72]
• Hopkins, Alden, descendant of signer, [232]
• Hopkins, Esek, brother of signer, [80], [81]
• Hopkins, Mrs. Stephen, first wife of signer, [80]
• Hopkins, Mrs. Stephen, second wife of signer, [80]
• Hopkins, Stephen (signer), career of and sites associated with, [51], [79–81], [231–232]
• Hopkins (Governor) House, R.I., see [Governor Hopkins House]
• Hopkinson, Francis (signer), career of and sites associated with, [81–83], [204–205], [224]
• Hopkinson, Joseph, son of signer, [81], [204]
• Hopkinson, Mrs. Francis, wife of signer, [82]
• Hopkinson family, [204]
• Hopkinson House, N.J., [204–205]
• Hopsewee-on-the-Santee (plantation), S.C., [99], [234–236]
• Horses, [101], [121], [134]
• Hospitals, see [Doctors, medical education, medical practice, and hospitals]
• House of Burgesses, see [Virginia House of Burgesses]
• Howard County, Md., [43], [180], [183]
• Howe, Lord Richard, British admiral, [98], [128], [136]
• Howe, Sir William, British officer, [13], [128]
• Humanitarians and reformers, [50], [80], [97], [123–126]
• Humphreys, Charles, legislator, [110]
• Hunterdon County, N.J., [72]
• Huntington, Mrs. Samuel, wife of signer, [83]
• Huntington, Samuel (signer), career of and sites associated with, [83–84], [164–166], [222]
• Huntington Birthplace, Conn., [164–165]
• Huntington House (Governor Huntington House), Conn., [165–166]
• Illnesses of signers, see [Disease, sickness, and physical afflictions of signers]
• Imlay (Emley), John, merchant, [204]
• Immanuel Episcopal Churchyard, Del., [119]
• Impeachment, [46], [102], [148]
• Imports, see [Commerce, trade, and manufacturing]
• Imprisonment, see [Prisons, prisoners, and prisoners-of-war]
• Inaugurations and inaugural addresses of U.S. Presidents, see under [United States Presidents and Presidency]
• Indentured servants, [31], [137]
• Independence Day (U.S.), [76]
• Independence Hall (State House for the Province of Pennsylvania), Pa., front endpaper, [14], [18], [22], [216], [217–226]
• Independence Mall, Pa., [226]
• Independence movement (U.S.) and British-colonial clash: and Adams (John), [18], [33–34];
• and Adams (Samuel), [36–38];
• and British Parliament, [8], [9], [14], [15], [38], [42], [56], [57], [59], [72], [81], [86], [93], [134], [146], [155];
• and Continental Congress, see [Continental Congress];
• and R.I., [15];
• and Va., [15];
• British actions and postures during, [3–156] passim, [199];
• colonial grievances, protests, and actions during, [3–156] passim, [189–190], [195], [199], [217], [259–262];
• fathers of, [33], [67];
• fruition and celebration of, [15], [22], [218];
• outcome of, predicted, [78], [82];
• public attitudes toward, [22–23];
• range of reaction to, see [Conservatives and conservatism], [Loyalists and Tories], [Moderates], and [Radicals and radicalism];
• results in war, see [War for Independence];
• signers’ role in, see individual signers;
• timing of, [8], [16], [217].
• See also [Declaration of Independence];
• [Independence resolution];
• specific colonies/States;
• and appropriate topics throughout this index.
• Independence National Historical Park, Pa., [159–160], [216–226]
• Independence resolution (U.S.), background, introduction, and adoption of, [14], [15–18], [22], [27], [34], [39], [44], [46], [60], [67], [72], [74], [92], [93], [95], [98], [100], [101], [106], [109], [110], [111], [114], [118], [119], [120–121], [122], [127], [128], [134], [135], [136], [147], [153], [217].
• See also [Declaration of Independence];
• [Independence movement and British-colonial clash].
• Independence Square, Pa., [217], [221], [222], [226]
• Indians and Indian affairs, [4], [51], [84], [89], [98], [105], [115], [122], [131], [138], [141], [147], [152–153], [177]
• Indigo, [66]
• Indigo Society School, S.C., [99]
• Individuals, and historic preservation, [160] (and see particular sites);
• rights of, see [Rights]
• Inflation, [147]
• Insane and insanity, [126]
• Intellectuals and intellectual life, [43], [55], [85], [145], [194], [228]
• Intercolonial affairs, see [Colonies]
• Interstate disputes, see under [States]
• Inventors and invention, [55], [85]
• Ionic architectural style, [182], [184], [197], [244]
• Iredell, James, U.S. Supreme Court Justice, [78], [148], [213]
• Iredell, Mrs. James, and certain signers, [79], [214]
• Iredell House, N.C., [213–214]
• Irish, Ireland, and Scotch-Irish, [43], [101], [118], [127], [132], [137], [139], [146], [171], [172], [204]
• Iron and iron manufacturing, [31], [132], [137], [226]
• Iroquois (Six Indian Nations) Indians, [138], [153]
• Italy and Italians, [88], [113], [183], [243]
• Jacob Graff, Jr., House, Pa., see [Graff, Jacob, Jr., House]
• Jails, see [Prisons, prisoners, and prisoners-of-war]
• James River, [239], [253]
• Jasper County, S.C., [75]
• Jay, John, diplomat, [35], [58], [263]
• Jefferson, Martha, daughter of signer, [245]
• Jefferson, Mrs. Thomas, wife of signer, [88], [244], [249]
• Jefferson, Peter, father of signer, [86], [254]
• Jefferson, Thomas (signer and author of Declaration), career of and sites associated with, [16], [18], [20], [27], [28], [29], [33], [34], [35], [85–90], [93], [124], [154], [155], [170–173], [217], [222], [228], [243–245], [249–251], [253–255], [262], [263], [267], rear endpaper.
• See also [Jeffersonians].
• Jefferson family, [245]
• Jefferson (Thomas) Memorial, D.C., [161]
• Jefferson (Thomas) Memorial Foundation, [245]
• Jefferson Papers, [262]
• Jeffersonians, [35]. See also [Democratic-Republicans and Democratic-Republican Party].
• Jersey (ship), [48]
• Jesuits, see [Roman Catholic Church]
• John Adams Birthplace, Mass., see [Adams (John) Birthplace]
• John Quincy Adams Birthplace, Mass., see [Adams (John Quincy) Birthplace]
• Johnson, Thomas, lawyer, [114], [136]
• Jones, John Paul, naval officer, [74–75]
• Judges, judicial matters, and jurisprudence, see [Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence]
• Kent County, Del., [120], [121]
• King and Queen County, Va., [41]
• King George’s War, [139], [152]
• King William County and King William Courthouse, Va., [41]
• Kings, denounced, [15] (and see specific kings)
• King’s Attorneys, see [Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence]
• King’s College, N.Y., see [Columbia University]
• Kingston, N.H., [39], [41]
• Kingston, N.Y., [98]
• Kittery, Maine, [143], [177]
• Ladd family, [201–202]
• Lafayette, Marquis de, visits U.S., [248]
• Lake George, [144]
• Lancaster, Pa., [122], [132], [218], [263]
• Land, and signers, [31], [47], [61], [63], [66], [67], [95], [102], [108], [119], [133], [138], [141], [142], [143], [146], [147], [148], [175], [212], [213];
• interstate disputes over, [119], [133], [143], [153];
• Loyalist, confiscated, [61], [67], [103], [138], [142], [175];
• major grants of, [54], [63], [95], [102], [212];
• speculation in, [108], [147], [148], [213]
• Landmarks, National Historic, see [National Historic Landmarks]
• Languages, see specific languages
• Latin language, [39], [146], [156]
• Latrobe, Benjamin H., architect, [172]
• Laurel Hill Cemetery, Pa., [102]
• Laurens, Henry, legislator, [117]
• Laws and lawyers, see [Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence]
• Learned societies, [80], [116], [126], [218–226] passim
• Lebanon, Conn., [144–145], [166]
• Lee, Arthur, brother of signers, [35], [90], [228], [251]
• Lee, Francis Lightfoot (signer), career of and sites associated with, [90–91], [92], [93], [228], [242–243], [246–247], [251–253]
• Lee, Henry (Col. “Lighthorse Harry”), relative of signers, [251–252]
• Lee, Matilda, niece of signers, [251–252]
• Lee, Mrs. Francis Lightfoot, wife of signer, [91], [242], [246]
• Lee, Mrs. Richard Henry, first wife of signer, [92]
• Lee, Mrs. Richard Henry, second wife of signer, [92]
• Lee, Philip Ludwell, brother of signers, [91], [92], [251]
• Lee, Richard Henry (signer and sponsor of independence resolution), career of and sites associated with, [15–16], [18], [22], [24], [27], [28], [44], [46], [71], [74], [86], [90], [91], [92–94], [111], [128], [147], [217], [228], [251–253]
• Lee, Richard Henry, grandson of signer, [264]
• Lee, Robert E., Confederate officer, [251–253]
• Lee, Thomas, father of signers, [91], [92], [251]
• Lee, Thomas Ludwell, brother of signers, [251]
• Lee, William, brother of signers, [90], [251]
• Lee family, [91], [94], [251–253]
• Lee (Robert E.) Memorial Foundation, Inc., [253]
• Leesburg, Va., [91], [263]
• Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence: admiralty, see [Merchant marine and maritime affairs];
• and colonial protests, [97];
• and slaves, [80];
• codes for, State, compiled and revised, [88], [101], [120], [131], [148], [155];
• famous trials in, [34];
• Federal, see [United States Judiciary];
• impeachment in, [46], [148];
• individuals other than signers practice, [97], [101], [113], [117], [118], [122], [132], [134], [135], [141], [204], [217], [232];
• political partisanship in, [46];
• schools teach, [43], [154–156];
• signers study and practice, see specific signers.
• See also particular laws.
• Legislatures, colonial, provincial, and State: role of, in independence movement, see [Independence movement and British-colonial clash];
• signers serve in, see individual signers.
• See also specific colonies/States.
• Lehigh County (Pa.) Historical Society, [231]
• Lehigh River, [230]
• Leinster, Duke of, [172]
• L’Enfant, Maj. Pierre Charles, artist-engineer-architect, [108], [171]
• “Letters of the Federal Farmer to the Republican,” [94]
• Lewis, Francis (signer), career of and sites associated with, [28], [94–96], [160]
• Lewis, Mrs. Francis, wife of signer, [31], [94], [95]
• Lexington and Battle of Lexington, Mass., [12], [38], [42], [60], [68]
• Lexington (Mass.) Historical Society, [199]
• Liberty Bell, [221]
• Liberty County, Ga., [65–66]
• Libraries, public and private, [56], [80], [134], [151], [176], [186], [193], [195], [207], [209], [222], [236], [253], [262], [264–265].
• See also [Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts].
• Library Company of Philadelphia, [222]
• Library Hall, Pa., [222], [226]
• Library of Congress, [90], [262], [264–265]
• Linlithgo, N.Y., [96]
• Litchfield, Litchfield Historic District, and Litchfield County, Conn., [152], [153], [169]
• Literature (English and American) and literary figures, [8], [18], [33], [36–37], [45], [52], [55], [81–83], [86], [115], [123–126], [134], [146], [156], [194], [195–196], [204].
• See also [Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts].
• Liverpool, England, [106]
• Livingston, Mrs. Philip, mother of signer, [96]
• Livingston, Mrs. Philip, wife of signer, [96–97]
• Livingston, Philip, father of signer, [96]
• Livingston, Philip (signer), career of and sites associated with, [96–98], [160]
• Livingston, Robert R., helps draft Declaration, [14], [16], [18], [20], [228]
• Livingston Manor, N.Y., [96], [98]
• Llandaff (city), Wales, [95]
• Lloyd, Edward IV, planter-politician, [181]
• Lloyd family, [183]
• Local affairs and politics, role of signers in, see specific signers
• Local groups and historical societies, and historic preservation, [160]
• Locke, John, British political philosopher, [20]
• London, England, [43], [46], [55], [56], [68], [76], [99], [103], [113], [124]
• Londonderry, N.H., [139], [140], [203]
• Long Island, Long Island Sound, and Battle of Long Island, N.Y., [53], [54], [95], [98], [212]
• Longevity of signers, see [Age of signers]
• Lord North, British official, [82]
• Loudoun County, Va., [91]
• Louisbourg (fortress), Nova Scotia, [139]
• Lowell, James Russell, career of, [195–196]
• Lower Counties, Three, see [Delaware]
• Loyalists and Tories: activities of, in various colonies/States, [7], [22–23], [40], [46], [53–54], [66], [77], [95], [104], [105], [119], [121], [122], [134], [138], [211];
• criticized, [127];
• forgiven, [79];
• lands and property of, confiscated, [61], [67], [103], [138], [142], [175], [195];
• legally defended, [147];
• punishment of, recommended, [103], [143];
• ridiculed, [82]
• Ludowici tile, [177]
• Lutwyche’s Ferry, N.H., [140]
• Lynch, Mrs. Thomas, Jr., wife of signer, [99], [100]
• Lynch, Thomas, Sr., father of signer, [99], [100], [128]
• Lynch, Thomas, Jr. (signer), career of and sites associated with, [99–100], [127], [234–236]
• Lynchburg, Va., [89]
• Maclean House, N.J., see [President’s House]
• McClellan, Gen. George B., Union officer, [239–240]
• McIntosh, Gen. Lachlan, and signer Gwinnett, [63], [64]
• McKean, Mrs. Thomas, first wife of signer, [101]
• McKean, Mrs. Thomas, second wife of signer, [101]
• McKean, Thomas (signer), career of and sites associated with, [18], [24], [100–102], [119], [120], [121], [160], [222]
• Madison, James, President, [61], [85], [89], [267]
• Magistrates, see [Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence]
• Mail service, [56], [57], [264]
• Maine (region and State), history of and historic site in, [139], [143], [177–178].
• See also [Massachusetts].
• Malvern Hill, Va., Battle of, [239]
• Manhattan, see [New York City and New York Harbor]
• Manor houses, [185–186], [230]
• “Manor of Chawton,” [230]
• Manufacturing, see [Commerce, trade, and manufacturing]
• Marblehead, Mass., [59], [196]
• Marine and maritime matters, see [Continental Navy];
• [Merchant marine and maritime affairs];
• [United States Navy];
• and foreign navies
• Marine Corps Museum, Pa., see [New Hall]
• Marital status of signers, compared, [29] (and see [Bachelor signers] and individual signers)
• Marshall, John, Supreme Court Justice and Secretary of State, [46], [154], [155], [221], [263]
• Maryland (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, [9], [16], [18], [24], [43–46], [106], [113–114], [118], [124], [134], [135–136], [179–191]
• Maryland Historical Trust, [189]
• Mason, George, and Declaration of Independence, [20]
• Masonboro Sound, N.C., [77]
• Massachusetts (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, [6], [7], [9], [10], [12], [16], [18], [24], [30], [33–39], [53–54], [55], [56], [59–62], [67–69], [77], [93], [115–116], [119], [129], [139], [140], [160], [177], [191–199], [203], [217].
• See also [Maine].
• Mastic, N.Y., [53], [54], [212]
• Mathematics, [47], [109]
• Matlack, Timothy, and Declaration of Independence, [262]
• Mattaponi River, [41]
• Maybury Hill (estate), N.J., [73], [206]
• Meadow Garden (cottage), Ga., [142], [175–176]
• Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon the Diseases of the Mind (book), [126]
• Medicine, medical practice, and medical societies, see [Doctors, medical education, medical practice, and hospitals]
• Memorials and monuments to signers, [161].
• See also specific signers.
• Menokin (estate), Va., [91], [242–243], [246]
• Menotomy, Mass., [60]
• Merchant marine and maritime affairs, [20], [28], [31], [42], [52], [59], [64], [68], [70], [71], [73], [74], [80], [82], [84], [91], [95], [98], [99], [100], [114], [119], [121], [123], [136], [142–143], [147], [177], [201–202], [251].
• See also [Commerce, trade, and manufacturing].
• Merchants and mercantile firms, see [Commerce, trade, and manufacturing]
• Merchants’ Exchange, Pa., [224], [226]
• Meredith family, [49]
• Merrick’s Brook, Conn., [164]
• Merrimack, N.H., [140], [203]
• Merrimack River, [140]
• Middle Colonies, [4], [16], [30], [134], [150]
• Middleton, Arthur (signer), career of and sites associated with, [31], [99], [103–104], [127], [128], [236–237]
• Middleton, Henrietta, sister of one signer and wife of another, [127]
• Middleton, Henry, father of one signer and father-in-law of another, [104], [127], [128], [234]
• Middleton, Mrs. Arthur, wife of signer, [103]
• Middleton, William, and Middleton Place, [236]
• Middleton family and descendants, [103], [237]
• Middleton Place (estate), S.C., [103], [104], [236–237]
• Middleton Place Gardens, S.C., [236–237]
• Middletown, Conn., [54], [211]
• Midway (town) and Midway District, Ga., [66]
• Midway Congregational Church, Ga., [64]
• Mikveh Israel Cemetery, Pa., [226]
• Military affairs, see [Continental Army];
• [Militia];
• specific nations and individuals;
• and other appropriate topics throughout this index
• Militia, of various colonies/States and counties: activities of, [9], [10], [12], [22], [38], [40], [42], [53], [54], [64], [69], [76], [111], [146];
• signers aid and serve in, [18], [27], [31], [40], [53], [54], [69], [75], [101], [103], [104], [105], [110–112], [114], [120–121], [122], [124], [127], [128], [132], [133], [138], [139], [140–141], [142–143], [145], [152–153]
• Mills, [72], [253]
• Ministers, diplomatic, see [Diplomats and diplomacy];
• religious, see [Christianity and religion]
• Mint, U.S., see [United States Mint]
• Mission of Santa Catalina, Ga., [177]
• Moderates, political, [8], [16], [42], [69], [98], [110], [119], [127], [128], [138], [147]
• Moffatt, Catherine, marries signer, [202]
• Moffatt, John, father-in-law of signer, [201–202]
• Moffatt, Samuel, merchant-shipowner, [201]
• Moffatt family, [201–202]
• Moffatt-Ladd House, N.H., [201–202]
• Mohawk River, [54]
• Monarchs and monarchy, see [Kings]
• Monetary theory and money, see [Currency and money]
• Monmouth County, N.J., [134]
• Monocacy River, [180]
• Monroe, James, President, [85], [154], [155], [173], [263]
• Monticello (“Little Mountain”) (estate), Va., [86], [88], [90], [243–245], [250]
• Montreal, Canada, [46]
• Monuments to signers, see [Memorials and monuments to signers]
• Moore, Thomas, Irish poet, [204]
• Morality, in Scotland, [149]
• Morris, Gouverneur, and Mrs. Robert Morris, [108]
• Morris, Lewis (signer), career of and sites associated with, [104–105], [160]
• Morris, Mrs. Lewis, wife of signer, [105]
• Morris, Mrs. Robert, wife of signer, [106]
• Morris, Robert (signer) (“Financier of the Revolution”), career of and sites associated with, [18], [27], [28], [29], [50], [106–108], [110], [129], [147], [160], [222], [224]
• Morris (Lewis) family, [105]
• “Morris’ Folly” (house), Pa., [107], [108]
• Morrisania (estate), N.Y., [105]
• Morrisville and Morrisville School District, Pa., [51], [229]
• Morton, John (signer), career of and sites associated with, [98], [109–110], [147], [160]
• Morton, Mrs. John, wife of signer, [109]
• Morton, Sketchley, son of signer, [109]
• Morven (estate), N.J., [134], [135], [207–208]
• Moultrie, Gen. William, Army officer, [76], [128]
• Mount Airy (estate), Va., [91], [242], [246–247]
• Mount Vernon (Va.) Conference (1785), [46], [136]
• Municipal affairs and municipalities, see [Cities, towns, and villages]
• Museums, [183], [187], [205], [218], [224], [234].
• See also specific historic house museums.
• Music and musicians, [81–83], [85], [204]
• “My Days Have Been So Wondrous Free” (song), [82]
• Nash, Francis, and Nash-Hooper House, [214]
• Nash-Hooper House, N.C., [214–216]
• Nassau Hall (Princeton University), [150], [151]
• National affairs, signers lack reputation in, [27], [39], [51], [71], [113], [116–117], [122], [137], [138], [139], [144], [154], [159];
• signers later take major part in, [29]
• National Archives and Records Service, [265]
• National Archives Building, D.C., [3], [262], [265–266]
• National Historic Landmarks, described individually, [164–165], [168–175], [181–183], [185–189], [191–193], [195–209], [212–216], [229], [247], [249–256];
• mapped, facing page [163];
• nature, eligibility, and designation of, [161–163], [226], [256], [270–271].
• See also [National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings].
• National origins of signers, compared, [27–28] (and see individual signers)
• National parks, National Park Service, and National Park System: and historic-archeological preservation, [159–162];
• sites considered for inclusion in, [161];
• sites in, described individually, [193–195], [210–212], [216–227], [247–249];
• sites in, in National Register, [162];
• sites in, mapped, facing page [163].
• See also [National Register of Historic Places];
• [National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings];
• [Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation].
• National Register of Historic Places, [162]
• National Register of Historic Places, 1972, [162]
• National significance of historic sites and buildings, see [National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings]
• National Society of Colonial Dames of America, [160]
• National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, see [Daughters of the American Revolution]
• National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings, purpose and procedures of, [161–162].
• See also [National Historic Landmarks]; [Other Sites Considered].
• Nativity of signers, see [National origins of signers]
• Navies, see [Continental Navy];
• [United States Navy];
• and specific nations
• Negroes, see [Slaves]
• Nelson, Mrs. Thomas, Jr., wife of signer, [111]
• Nelson, Thomas (“Scotch Tom”), Sr., grandfather of signer, [247–248]
• Nelson, Thomas, Jr. (signer), career of and sites associated with, [88], [110–112], [247–249]
• Nelson, William, father of signer, [247–248]
• Nelson family, [249]
• Nelson House (York Hall), Va., [112], [160], [247–249]
• Netherlands, see [Holland]
• New Bern, N.C., [78]
• New Castle and New Castle County, Del., [82], [101], [118], [119], [120], [122], [204]
• New England and New England architectural style, [20], [28], [30], [66], [68], [69], [74], [81], [115], [139], [144], [164], [191], [193], [202], [203].
• See also specific colonies/States.
• New England Courant (newspaper), [55]
• New France, [139], [152]
• New Hall (Marine Corps Museum), Pa., [224], [226]
• New Hampshire (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, [9], [15], [16], [18], [24], [30], [39–41], [76], [128], [139–140], [142–143], [177], [199–204]
• New Hampshire Medical Society, [40]
• New Haven, Conn., [130], [131]
• New Jersey (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, [16], [18], [24], [47–48], [56], [71–72], [81–83], [101], [121], [124], [133–135], [149–151], [204–210]
• New Jersey, College of, see [Princeton University]
• New London and New London Township, Pa., [101], [118], [132]
• New London County, Conn., [84]
• New Milford, Conn., [129]
• New York (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, [6], [9], [14], [16], [18], [22], [23], [24], [44], [53–54], [94–98], [104–105], [110], [115], [119], [134–135], [143], [144], [148], [153], [160], [210–213].
• See also entries immediately following.
• New York Chamber of Commerce, [97]
• New York City and New York Harbor, N.Y., [22], [95–98], [135], [218], [263].
• See also [Bronx];
• [Brooklyn and Brooklyn Heights];
• [Staten Island].
• New York Hospital, [97]
• New York Society Library, N.Y., [97]
• Newark, N.J., [134]
• Newburyport, Mass., [140]
• Newington Plantation, Va., [41]
• Newport, R.I., [51], [52], [69], [80], [143]
• Newspapers, [20], [22], [37], [43], [55], [81], [124], [125], [127], [145]
• Newton, Mass., [129]
• Noke, William, architect, [182]
• Nonimportation agreements and measures, see [Independence movement and British-colonial clash]
• North, Lord, British official, [82]
• North America, Bank of, see [Bank of North America]
• North Bridge, Mass., [8]
• North Burial Ground, R.I., [81]
• North Carolina (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, [15], [16], [18], [24], [30], [73–75], [77–79], [99], [116–118], [161], [206], [213–216].
• See also [Carolinas].
• North East (town), Md., [118]
• North Santee River, [99], [234]
• Northampton County, Pa., [137], [138]
• Northern United States, [28].
• See also specific colonies/States.
• Norwich, Conn., [83], [84], [164]
• Notes on the State of Virginia (book), [250]
• Nova Scotia, Canada, [139]
• Occupations of signers, see [Vocations of signers]
• Octagonal houses and rooms, [245], [249–251]
• Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation, National Park Service, programs and activities of, [162]
• Offices, political, various local, State, and National, held by signers, see individual signers
• Offley Hoo (estate), Va., [112], [247]
• Ohio (State), [153]
• Old Burial Ground, Conn., [84], [166]
• Old Custom House, Pa., [224]
• Old Granary Burying Ground, Mass., [39], [69], [116]
• “Old House,” Mass., see [Adams National Historic Site]
• Old House Plantation, S.C., [75], [76]
• Old St. Paul’s Cemetery, Pa., [110]
• Old Swedes’ Church, Pa., see [Gloria Dei] Church National Historic Site
• Olive Branch Petition, [14]
• Oliver, Andrew, British official, [195]
• Oliver-Gerry-Lowell House, Mass., see [Elmwood]
• Orators and orations, and signers, [45], [52], [71], [78], [85], [86], [90], [92], [122], [136], [150], [151]
• Ordnance, see [Arms, ammunition, and ordnance]
• Orphans, [49], [95], [120], [141]
• Other Sites Considered, described individually, [165–167], [175–181], [183–185], [189–191], [197–198], [209–210], [213–214], [220–228];
• nature of, [161–162]
• Otis, James, lawyer-radical leader, [77]
• Oxford, Md., [106]
• Paca, John, son of signer, [114]
• Paca, Mrs. William, first wife of signer, [113]
• Paca, Mrs. William, second wife of signer, [114]
• Paca, William (signer), career of and sites associated with, [16], [44], [46], [113–114], [136], [188–189]
• Paca family, [114]
• Paca House, Md., [113], [188–189]
• Paine, Mrs. Robert Treat, wife of signer, [115]
• Paine, Robert Treat (signer), career of and sites associated with, [31], [115–116], [160]
• Paine, Robert Treat, son of signer, [115]
• Paine, Robert Treat, great-grandson of signer, [115]
• Paine, Thomas, author-patriot, [12], [15], [107], [124], [204]
• Painters and painting, see [Art and artists]
• Paisley (town), Scotland, [149], [150]
• Palladian architectural style, [172], [182], [183], [234], [246], [247]
• Pamphlets, see [Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts]
• Pamunkey River, [41], [240]
• Parchment copy of Declaration, see under [Declaration of Independence]
• Parents of signers, see specific signers
• Paris, France, [43], [88], [124].
• See also [Treaty of Paris]
• Parishes, political, see [Counties and parishes];
• religious, see [Christianity and religion]
• Parliament, British: and Colonies, see under [Independence movement and British-colonial clash]
• Parsons, William, and Parsons-Taylor House, [226]
• Parsons-Taylor House, Pa., [226–227]
• Parties, political, see particular political parties and individuals
• Patent Office, D.C., [264]
• Patowmack (Potowmack) Company, [44]
• Patriotic-civic organizations, and historic sites, [160]
• Patriots and patriotic movement, see [Independence movement and British-colonial clash]
• Peace negotiations and treaties, see [Diplomats and diplomacy];
• Indians and Indian affairs;
• and specific treaties
• “Peacefield,” Mass., see [Adams National Historic Site]
• Peach Tree Plantation, S.C., [99], [100]
• Peale, Charles Willson, artist, [218]
• Peggy Stewart (ship), [189–190]
• Peggy Stewart House (Rutland-Peggy Stewart House; Rutland-Stewart-Stone House), Md., [189–191]
• Pemberton House (Army-Navy Museum), Pa., [224], [226]
• Penal matters, see [Prisons, prisoners, and prisoners-of-war]
• Pendleton, Edmund, lawyer-patriot, [88], [111], [117], [155]
• Peninsular Campaign (Civil War), [239–240]
• Penn, John (signer), career of and sites associated with, [116–118], [160], [161]
• Penn, Mrs. John, wife of signer, [117]
• Penn, William, and Charter of Privileges, [221]
• Penn (John) family, [118]
• Penn (William) family, [56]
• Pennsylvania (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, [8–9], [14], [15], [16], [18], [24], [27], [30], [44], [49–51], [55–58], [82], [93], [100–102], [106–110], [118], [122–126], [132–133], [137–138], [143], [145–148], [153], [159–160], [216–231].
• See also [Delaware].
• Pennsylvania Gazette (The) (newspaper), [55]
• Pennsylvania Hospital, [125], [126]
• Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery, [58], [126]
• Pennsylvania State House, see [Independence Hall]
• Persimmon Point, Ga., [177]
• Perth Amboy, N.J., [134]
• Philadelphia, Pa., [3], [8], [9], [14–24] passim, [38], [42], [44], [46], [47], [49–50], [51], [52], [55–56], [57], [58], [64], [73], [82], [83], [95], [100–133] passim, [138], [146–148], [159–160], [172], [199], [204], [209], [210], [216–226], [228], [230], [263–264].
• See also entries immediately following.
• Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts, [51]
• Philadelphia Agricultural Society, [51]
• Philadelphia architectural style, [228]
• Philadelphia Bank, [51]
• Philadelphia Bible Society, [126]
• Philadelphia College of Physicians, [126]
• Philadelphia Dispensary, [126]
• Philadelphia (Merchants’) Exchange, [224], [226]
• Philadelphia Medical Society, [126]
• Philadelphia National Shrines Park Commission, [226]
• Philanthropists and philanthropy, [55], [56], [96], [97], [115]
• Philosophical Hall, Pa., see [American Philosophical Society Hall]
• Philosophical Society of Newport, R.I., [80]
• Physicians, see [Disease, sickness, and physical afflictions of signers];
• Doctors, medical education, medical practice, and hospitals
• Piscataqua River, [177]
• Plainfield Academy, Conn., [84]
• Planters and plantations, [4], [28], [31], [41], [42], [43], [62], [63–64], [65], [66], [70], [75–76], [86], [94], [99], [103], [104], [106], [110], [111], [113], [120], [129], [135], [177], [186], [194], [233], [236–237], [239–256] passim.
• See also [Slaves];
• and specific plantations.
• Poets and poetry, see [Literature and literary figures]
• Politics, politicians, political parties, and political theory, see particular political parties, colonies/States, signers, other individuals, and appropriate topics throughout this index
• Poll taxes, see under [Taxes and taxation]
• Poor Richard’s Almanac, [55–56]
• Poplar Forest (retreat), Va., [89], [249–251]
• Port Royal Island, S.C., [76], [128]
• Port Tobacco (town), Md., [136], [186]
• Portland, Mass., [115]
• Portraits of signers: collection of, discussed, [218];
• collective, reproduced, [ii];
• individual, reproduced, see specific signers
• Portsmouth and Portsmouth Harbor, N.H., [143], [177], [202]
• Post offices and postal officials, see [Mail service]
• Potomac, Army of the (Civil War), [239]
• Potomac River and Potomac River Valley, [44], [92], [251], [263]
• Potowmack Company, see [Patowmack Company]
• Poughkeepsie, N.Y., [98], [105]
• Powell, Thomas, newspaper publisher, [127]
• Poynton Manor, Md., [135]
• Prehistory and prehistoric sites, [177]
• Presbyterian Cemetery, N.J., [48]
• Presbyterian Cemetery, N.Y., [54]
• Presbyterian Church, N.C., [216]
• Presbyterians and Presbyterian Church, [48], [54], [56], [149–151], [216].
• See also [Calvinists and Calvinism];
• [Christianity and religion].
• Presidential electors, see under [United States Presidents and Presidency]
• Presidents, of Continental Congress, see under [Continental Congress];
• U.S., see [United States Presidents and Presidency]
• “President’s House,” D.C., see [White House]
• President’s House (Dean’s House; Maclean House) (Princeton University), N.J., [150], [151], [208–209]
• President’s Lot, Princeton (N.J.) Cemetery, [151]
• “President’s Palace,” D.C., see [White House]
• Press, see [Newspapers]
• Primogeniture, [120], [135]
• Prince George County, Va., [154]
• Prince George’s Parish, S.C., [99]
• Princess Anne (town), Md., [45]
• Princeton Alumni Council, [208]
• Princeton and Battle of Princeton, N.J., [23–24], [72], [73], [134], [135], [207], [263].
• See also [Princeton University].
• Princeton Cemetery, N.J., [151]
• Princeton University (College of New Jersey), [84], [124], [134], [149], [150–151], [208–209]
• Printing and publishing industry, [55].
• See also [Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts];
• [Newspapers].
• Printing of Declaration, see under [Declaration of Independence]
• Prisons, prisoners, and prisoners-of-war, [31], [48], [50], [75], [76], [94], [103], [107], [108], [126], [128], [132], [134–135], [140–141]
• Private individuals, groups, and agencies: and historic preservation, [160]
• Private schools, see [Education]
• Privateers and privateering, [60], [97]
• Professions of signers, see [Vocations of signers]
• Profiteering among signers, [31], [46], [59], [60], [106–107]
• “Progressive” party, in Va., [88]
• Prophecy (The) (essay), [82]
• Proprietary colonies, see under [Colonies]
• Prospect Hill Cemetery, Pa., [98]
• Protestant Episcopal Church, [183].
• See also [Christianity and religion].
• Protestants and Protestant Church, [28], [183].
• See also [Christianity and religion].
• Protests, colonial, see [Independence movement and British-colonial clash]
• Providence and Providence County, R.I., [79–81]
• Providence Gazette and Country Journal (newspaper), [81]
• Psychiatry, see [Insane and insanity]
• Public libraries, see [Libraries]
• Public schools, see [Education]
• Public service, role of signers in, [29], [31] (and see specific signers)
• Public speaking, see [Orators and orations]
• Publishers and publishing, see [Printing and publishing industry]
• Puritans, [65–66]
• Putnam, Herbert, and Declaration of Independence, [264]
• Quakers, [56], [73]. See also [Christianity and religion].
• Queen Annes County, Md., [113], [188]
• Quincy (Braintree), Mass., [33], [34–35], [68], [192], [193]
• Quincy (Mass.) Historical Society, [192], [193]
• Radicals and radicalism, [16], [18], [34], [37–38], [45], [49], [71], [77], [78], [80], [88], [98], [103], [119], [130], [141], [147], [155]
• Rahway, N.J., [48]
• Raleigh’s Tavern, Va., [93]
• Randolph, Peyton, legislator, [42]
• Randolph, Thomas, relative of signer, [254]
• Randolph, Thomas Mann, relative of signer, [86], [254]
• Randolph, William, relative of signer, [86], [254]
• Randolph, William II, relative of signer, [254]
• Randolph family, [86], [255]
• Rappahannock Valley, [246]
• Read, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, [27], [29], [101], [118–119], [120], [121], [135], [160]
• Read, Mrs. George, wife of signer, [118]
• Reading, Pa., [146]
• Redemptionist Fathers, [179], [180]
• Reform and reformers, see [Humanitarians and reformers]
• Regulators, of North Carolina, [78]
• Relatives of signers, see individual signers
• Religion, see [Christianity and religion]
• Representation, political, and representative government, see specific governmental bodies, colonies/States, and appropriate topics throughout this index
• Republicans and republicanism, [61], [79], [128], [145], [147]
• Residences of signers, condition and status of, [31] (and see particular residences)
• Retirement of signers, see individual signers
• Revere, Paul, patriot and artist, [5], [10], [68], [199]
• Revolution, Daughters of the, [160]
• Revolution, Daughters of the American, see [Daughters of the American Revolution]
• Revolution, Revolutionaries, and Revolutionary movement, see [Independence movement and British-colonial clash];
• [War for Independence];
• specific Revolutionaries;
• and appropriate topics throughout this index
• Revolution, Sons of the, [160]
• Revolution, Sons of the American, [160]
• Revolutionary War (U.S.), see [War for Independence]
• Rhode Island (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, [15], [16], [18], [24], [30], [51–52], [79–81], [143], [231–232]
• Rhode Island College, [80]
• Rice planters, see [Planters and plantations]
• Richmond, Va., [42], [86], [88], [156], [255]
• Richmond Academy, Ga., [142]
• Richmond County, Va., [91]
• Ridley Township, Pa., [109]
• Rights: Bill of, U.S., see under [United States Constitution];
• declarations of, by colonies/States, [20];
• of Englishmen, and Colonies, [8–9];
• of man, and Declaration of Independence, [20];
• of States, [123]
• “Rights of the Colonies Examined” (The) (article-pamphlet), [81]
• Rising Sun (town), Md., [124], [134]
• “Rising Sun” chair, [219]
• Risks and sacrifices of signers, [22], [23–24], [31–32] (and see individual signers)
• Robert E. Lee Memorial Foundation, Inc., [253]
• Rodney, Caesar (signer), career of and sites associated with, [18], [29], [101], [120–121], [160]
• Roman Catholic Church, [28], [43], [44], [179], [180], [238].
• See also [Christianity and religion].
• Roman Doric and Roman Revival architectural style, [189], [219], [221], [234], [245], [247]
• Rome, N.Y., [54], [212]
• Roselle, N.J., [47], [48]
• Rosney Cemetery, Ga., [142]
• Ross, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, [118], [122–123], [160], [224]
• Ross, John, stepbrother of signer, [122]
• Ross, Mrs. George, wife of signer, [122]
• Rough draft of Declaration, see under [Declaration of Independence]
• Royalists, see [Loyalists and Tories]
• Royalty, see [Kings]
• Rush, Benjamin (signer), career of and sites associated with, [27], [31], [123–126], [134], [160], [222], [224], [228]
• Rutland, Thomas, and Peggy Stewart House, [189]
• Rutland-Peggy Stewart House, Md., see [Peggy Stewart House]
• Rutland-Stewart-Stone House, Md., see [Peggy Stewart House]
• Rutledge, Edward (signer), career of and sites associated with, [18], [28], [31], [99], [104], [127–129], [135], [237–238]
• Rutledge, John, brother of signer, [127], [128]
• Rutledge, Mrs. Edward, first wife of signer, [127]
• Rutledge, Mrs. Edward, second wife of signer, [129]
• Rutledge (Carter-May) House, S.C., [237–238]
• Sacrifices of signers, see [Risks and sacrifices of signers]
• Safety, committees/councils of, see [Committees of safety]
• St. Andrews (city), Scotland, [145]
• St. Andrew’s Society, [97]
• St. Ann’s Church, N.Y., [105]
• St. Augustine, Fla., [76], [104], [128], [233]
• St. Catherines Island, Ga., [63], [64], [176–177]
• St. George’s Church, Pa., [224]
• St. Helena’s Parish, S.C., [75]
• St. James Parish, S.C., [99]
• St. John’s Episcopal Church, Va., [156]
• St. John’s Parish, Ga., [64], [65–66], [67], [141]
• St. Joseph’s Church, Pa., [224–226]
• St. Luke’s Parish, S.C., [75]
• St. Mary’s Catholic Church, Md., [179–180]
• St. Mary’s Church, Pa., [226]
• St. Paul’s Cemetery, Md., [46]
• St. Paul’s Cemetery, Old, Pa., [110]
• St. Philip’s Episcopal Church, S.C., [129]
• Salem, Mass., [68]
• Salem, N.J., [82]
• Saltbox architectural style, [164], [191], [193], [203]
• Santa Catalina Mission, Ga., [177]
• Santee River, North, [99], [234]
• Santee River, South, [99]
• Saratoga (Schuylerville) and Battle of Saratoga, N.Y., [40], [143], [153]
• Savannah, Ga., [63], [64], [66], [67], [76], [140–142], [175], [176], [233]
• Savannah River, [67]
• Sawmills, [72]
• Schools, see [Education]
• Schuylerville, N.Y., see [Saratoga and Battle of Saratoga]
• Schuylkill River, [108]
• Science and scientists, [55], [56], [80], [85], [89], [116], [130]
• Scituate (city) and Scituate Township, R.I., [80]
• Scots, Scotland, and Scotch-Irish, [74], [77], [96], [101], [122], [124], [134], [139], [145], [146], [149–150], [208].
• See also [Great Britain].
• Scotland (city), Conn., [83]
• Seamen, see [Continental Navy];
• [Merchant marine and maritime affairs];
• [United States Navy];
• and various nations
• Second Bank of the United States, see [Bank of the United States]
• Second Bank of the United States Building, Pa., [218], [226]
• Second Continental Congress, see [Continental Congress]
• Second Treaty of Fort Stanwix (N.Y.), [153]
• Secondary education, see [Education]
• Secretaries, of Continental Congress, see under [Continental Congress];
• of U.S. Government Departments, see following [United States];
• of various other bodies, signers as, see individual signers
• Senate, U.S., see [United States Senate]
• Servants, [31], [137], [186], [194], [195], [203].
• See also [Slaves].
• Seven Buildings, D.C., [263]
• Shadwell (plantation), Va., [86], [244], [254]
• Shell Bluff Plantation, Ga., [67]
• Shenandoah River Valley, [44]
• Sherman, Roger (signer), career of and sites associated with, [16], [18], [20], [29], [106], [129–131], [160]
• Ship carpenters, [201]
• Shippen, Dr. William, Sr., and Philadelphia, [228]
• Shippen, Dr. William, Jr., brother-in-law of signers, [125], [228]
• Shippen-Wistar House, Pa., [228]
• Shippensburg, Pa., [132]
• Ships, shippers, and shipping, see [Continental Navy];
• Merchant marine and maritime affairs;
• United States Navy;
• and various nations
• Sickness of signers, see [Disease, sickness, and physical afflictions of signers]
• Signers of the Constitution (U.S.), see [United States Constitution]
• Signers of the Declaration: age of, at time of signing and death, compared, see [Age of signers];
• biographical analysis and comparison of, collective, [27–32];
• biographical sketches of, individual, [33–156];
• books on, [268–269];
• early (formal signing), [23], [67], [217], [262];
• furniture and items associated with, collectively, [219], [221];
• honored and commemorated, [ii], [159–160], [224];
• interest in, increases, [160];
• largest number of, from one State, [30];
• late, [23], [24], [60], [93], [100], [139], [140], [153], [155], [217], [262];
• nationally famous, [34];
• one of, prominent in affairs of two States, see [McKean, Thomas];
• one of, votes against independence, [27], [118], [121];
• painted, [ii], [218], and see individual portraits, [33–156] passim;
• prominent patriots who were not, [27], [28], [29];
• reflect regional and colonial attitudes, [30];
• remarks of, on signing, [52], [58], [79];
• replace opponents of independence, [27], [47], [72];
• residences and sites associated with, collective, status of, [31], [159–163], [216] (and see particular residences and sites);
• subsequent careers of, [29], [31] (and see individual signers);
• traditions regarding, [24], [52], [58];
• tragic life among, [99];
• way of life of, [28–29], [159];
• who also signed Articles of Confederation, [29], [36], [39], [59], [76], [90], [93–94], [100], [106], [117], [129], [149];
• who also signed Articles of Confederation and Constitution (U.S.), [29], [106], [129];
• who also signed Constitution (U.S.), [29], [49], [50], [55], [58], [106], [129];
• who did not vote for or take a stand on independence, [27], [106], [118–119];
• who were non-natives of States they signed for, [30], [39], [55], [62], [65], [72], [73], [77], [82], [95], [101], [106], [116], [118], [122], [129], [132], [137], [139], [140], [143], [145], [149].
• See also [Declaration of Independence];
• specific signers;
• and appropriate topics throughout this index.
• Signers’ Monument, Ga., [67], [142], [161]
• Six Indian Nations, see [Iroquois Indians]
• Skelton, Martha Wayles, marries signer, [86], [244], [249]
• Sketchley, John, stepfather of signer, [109]
• Slaves, and Congress, [58];
• and Declaration of Independence, [20];
• and Ga. economy, [66];
• and New England shippers, [28];
• British capture, [76];
• burn estate, [236];
• emancipated, [156];
• in N.Y., [53];
• institution of, opposed and condemned, [20], [28], [58], [80], [92], [123], [126], [156];
• labor in gardens, [236];
• laws on, [80];
• quarters for, [177], [184], [234], [255];
• signers own and trade, [28], [53], [63], [90], [110].
• See also [Servants].
• Smith, Abigail, see [Adams, Mrs. John]
• Smith, James (signer), career of and sites associated with, [28], [132–133], [160–161]
• Smith, Rev. Samuel S., son-in-law of signer, [151], [208]
• Smith, Robert, carpenter, [209]
• Smugglers and smuggling, [34], [68]
• Social status of signers, see [Aristocrats and aristocracy];
• and individual signers
• Society of Colonial Dames in the State of Rhode Island, [232]
• Songs, see [Music and musicians]
• Sons of Liberty, [37], [45], [95], [97]
• Sons of signers, careers of, [30] (and see particular signers)
• Sons of the American Revolution, [160]
• Sons of the Revolution, [160]
• Sourland Mountains, [72]
• South Carolina (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, [16], [18], [24], [64], [66], [75–76], [99–100], [103–104], [117], [127–129], [135], [233–238].
• See also [Carolinas].
• South Santee River, [99]
• South Windsor, Conn., [152]
• Southern United States, [28], [30], [70], [74–75], [140–141], [233].
• See also [Planters and plantations];
• and specific colonies/States.
• Spain and Spaniards, [59], [115], [177], [196]
• Speaking, public, see [Orators and orations]
• Speculators and speculation, [4], [108], [143], [147], [148], [213]
• Spoils system, [102]
• Spotsylvania County, Va., [154]
• Staffordshire, England, [62]
• Stamp Act, Stamp Tax, Stamp Act Congress, and Stamp Act agitation, [34], [37], [45], [56–57], [68], [70], [91], [93], [95], [97], [101], [106], [110], [119], [120], [134], [146], [155], [195]
• Stark, Gen. John, Army officer, [40]
• State Department, see [United States Department of State]
• State House for the Province of Pennsylvania, see [Independence Hall]
• Staten Island, N.Y., [98], [128]. See also [New York City and New York Harbor].
• States (U.S.), and historic preservation, [160];
• and National Register of Historic Places, [162];
• economic and financial problems of, [107–108];
• governmental bodies and other agencies of, see individual colonies/States;
• honor and maintain homes of signers, [160], [161];
• land disputes among, [119], [133], [143], [153];
• large and small, and U.S. Constitution, [131];
• militia of, see [Militia];
• receive taxes, [117];
• rights of, see [States’ rights];
• role of, in Revolution, see particular States and appropriate topics;
• seals of, [155];
• signer prominent in affairs of two, see [McKean, Thomas];
• signers non-natives of those they signed for, [30], [39], [55], [62], [65], [72–73], [77], [82], [95], [101], [106], [116], [118], [122], [129], [132], [137], [139], [140], [143], [145], [149];
• signers’ role in affairs of, see specific States and signers.
• See also [Continental Congress];
• and individual States.
• States’ rights, [123]
• Statues of signers, [161]
• Stewart, Anthony, merchant, [189]
• Stewart (Peggy) House, Md., see [Peggy Stewart House]
• Stockton, Julia, wife of one signer and daughter of another, [124]
• Stockton, Mrs. Richard, wife of signer, [134]
• Stockton, Richard, grandfather of signer, [207]
• Stockton, Richard (signer), career of and sites associated with, [31], [33], [124], [133–135], [207–208]
• Stockton family, [134], [208]
• Stone, Mrs. Thomas, wife of signer, [136]
• Stone, Thomas (signer), career of and sites associated with, [135–136], [186–188], [189–191]
• Stonington, Conn., [72]
• Stony Brook Quaker Meeting House Cemetery, N.J., [135]
• Stores, see [Commerce, trade, and manufacturing]
• Stoughton, Mass., [129]
• Stovall (town), N.C., [117]
• Stratford Hall (estate), Va., [91–92], [251–253]
• Strickland, William, architect, [218]
• Students, see [Education]
• Suffolk County, N.Y., [53], [54]
• Suffolk Resolves, [38]
• Sugar Act, [37]
• Sugar planters, see [Planters and plantations]
• Summary View of the Rights of British America (A) (tract), [86], [87]
• Summerseat (estate), Pa., [51], [229]
• Sunbury, Ga., [63], [64], [66]
• Superior Courts, State, see individual States
• Supreme courts, of colonies and States, see specific colonies/States;
• of United States, see [United States Judiciary]
• Surgeons, see [Doctors, medical education, medical practice, and hospitals]
• Surveyors and surveying, [47], [80], [86], [109], [130], [132]
• Susquehanna River, [132]
• Sussex County, Del., [101], [121]
• Swedes and Sweden, [109]
• Tabby construction material, [177], [235]
• Tabby Cottage, Ga., [63], [176–177]
• Taliaferro, Richard, father-in-law of signer, [255]
• “Taps” (bugle call), [240]
• Tariffs, see [Commerce, trade, and manufacturing]
• Taunton, Mass., [115]
• Taverns, [222]
• Taxes and taxation, and British-colonial conflict, see [Independence movement and British-colonial clash];
• and signers, [37], [56], [131];
• excise, on alcoholic beverages, [51];
• in Boston, [36];
• on stamps, see [Stamp Act, Stamp Tax, Stamp Act Congress, and Stamp Act agitation];
• on sugar, see [Sugar Act];
• on tea, see [Tea and Tea Act];
• poll, [113], [114], [136];
• States receive, [117].
• See also [Customs laws, collection, and officials].
• Tayloe, Col. John, father-in-law of signer, [91], [242], [246]
• Tayloe, Mrs. John, mother-in-law of signer, [91]
• Tayloe, Rebecca, marries signer, [91], [242], [246]
• Tayloe family and descendants, [91], [247]
• Taylor, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, [28], [31], [137–138], [226–227], [230–231]
• Taylor, Mrs. George, wife of signer, [137], [242]
• Taylor (George) Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, [227]
• Taylor House, Pa., [137–138], [230–231]
• Tea and Tea Act, [7], [38], [49], [53–54], [189–190]
• Teachers and teaching, see [Education]
• Temperance, [123], [126]
• “Temple of Minerva” (opera), [82]
• “The Bostonians Paying the Excise-Man or Tarring and Feathering” (cartoon), reproduced, [6]
• “The Declaration of Independence” (painting), reproduced, [ii]
• The Hills (estate), Pa., [108]
• “The Homestead,” Pa., see [Byberry]
• The Pennsylvania Gazette (newspaper), [55]
• The Prophecy (essay), [82]
• “The Rights of the Colonies Examined” (article-pamphlet), [81]
• “The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America,” see [Declaration of Independence]
• Theology, see [Christianity and religion]
• Thirteen Colonies, see [Colonies]
• Thomas Jefferson Memorial, D.C., [161]
• Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, [245]
• Thomson, Charles, and Declaration of Independence, [22], [69], [262]
• Thornton, Matthew (signer), career of and sites associated with, [24], [28], [31], [139–140], [203–204]
• Thornton House, N.H., [203–204]
• Thornton’s Ferry and Thornton’s Ferry Cemetery, N.H., [140]
• Three Lower Counties, see [Delaware]
• Tobacco planters, see [Planters and plantations]
• Todd House, Pa., [224], [226]
• Tombs and tombstones, see [Cemeteries and burial places]
• Tories, see [Loyalists and Tories]
• Townhouses, [43], [50], [76], [96], [97], [107], [108], [120], [179], [185], [188], [228], [233]
• Towns, see [Cities, towns, and villages]
• Townshend Acts (1767), [37], [93], [120]
• Tracts, see [Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts]
• Trade and traders, see [Commerce, trade, and manufacturing]
• Traditions regarding signing of Declaration, [24], [52], [58]
• Treasury, British, see under [Great Britain];
• U.S., see [United States Treasury Department]
• Treasury Building (old), D.C., [263]
• Treaties, see [Diplomats and diplomacy];
• [Indians and Indian affairs];
• and specific nations and treaties
• Treaty of Fort Stanwix, Second, [153]
• Treaty of Paris (1783), [24], [35], [58], [207], [267]
• Trenton and Battle of Trenton, N.J., [23–24], [51], [72], [263]
• Trials, see [Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence]
• Trinity Church, N.Y., [96]
• Trumbull, John, artist, painting by, reproduced, [ii]
• Trumbull, Jonathan, father-in-law of signer, [144–145]
• Trumbull Cemetery, Conn., [145]
• Tryon, William, British official, [77], [153]
• Tuckahoe (estate), Va., [86], [253–255]
• Tuscan architectural features, [196], [250]
• Tuscarora Creek, Md., [180]
• Tusculum (home), N.J., [151], [208], [209–210]
• Tutors and tutorial system, see [Education]
• U-shaped buildings, [240], [242]
• “Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America” (The), see [Declaration of Independence]
• Union Army, see [Civil War]
• Union Cemetery, N.H., [143]
• Unitarians and Unitarianism, [52], [116].
• See also [Christianity and religion].
• United First Parish Church, Mass., [35]
• United Kingdom, see [Great Britain]
• United States, and Declaration of Independence, [3], [32];
• architectural and historical heritage of, [32], [159–160], [216–217], [218], [245];
• early antislavery law in, [80];
• early chapel in, [186];
• early chemistry education in, [124];
• early legal education in, [155–156];
• early libraries in, [222];
• early medical practice and hospitals in, [123–126];
• early music in, [82];
• famous families in, [33], [91], [193];
• famous writer in, [83];
• first banks in, [108];
• founding and early growth of, [3], [216–217];
• major literary and political figures of, [194];
• oldest learned society in, [221].
• See also various colonies/States, regions, entries immediately following, and appropriate topics throughout this index.
• United States, Bank of the, see [Bank of the United States]
• United States Bicentennial, [222]
• United States Bill of Rights, see under [United States Constitution]
• United States Capitals, [50], [124], [217], [263], [264]
• United States Capitol, D.C., [ii], [161], [171], [173]
• United States Centennial Exposition, [264]
• United States circuit courts and judges, see [United States Judiciary]
• United States Congress, [29], [30], [33], [40], [44], [46], [48], [50–51], [53], [54], [58], [61], [81], [106], [118], [160], [194], [218], [221].
• See also [Continental Congress];
• [United States Government];
• [United States House of Representatives];
• [United States Senate];
• and specific Congressmen.
• United States Constitution, and Connecticut (Great) Compromise, [118], [131];
• and Pa. constitution, [148];
• and signers of Declaration, [29], [39], [40], [44], [46], [50], [55], [58], [92], [106], [129], [144], [145–148];
• Bill of Rights of, [48], [61], [71], [92], [94];
• Bill of Rights of, displayed, [266], [267];
• Bill of Rights of, displayed, photo of, [266];
• debated, drafted, adopted, and signed, [50], [106], [129], [145–148], [218–221];
• displayed, [264–265], [267];
• displayed, photo of, [266];
• favored and advocated, [40], [51], [61], [69], [125];
• history and protection of document, [264–267];
• Madison presents to Washington, mural of, [267];
• opposed, [39], [46], [48], [61], [69], [71], [79], [84], [92], [94], [102], [105], [114], [119], [125], [131], [144], [148], [151], [153], [156];
• room adopted and signed in, [218–221];
• signers of, who also signed Declaration, [29], [49], [50], [55], [58], [106], [129];
• significance of, [217];
• takes effect, [263].
• See also [United States Constitutional Convention].
• United States Constitutional Convention, and signers of Declaration, [39], [44], [48], [61], [94], [108], [118], [119], [131], [136], [142], [145–148];
• compromise at, [118], [131];
• leader in, [228];
• membership, deliberations, and actions of, [29], [49], [50], [55], [58], [61], [131], [145–148], [154], [156], [217], [218], [222], [267];
• room held in, [218–221].
• See also [United States Constitution].
• United States courts, see [United States Judiciary]
• United States Declaration of Independence, see [Declaration of Independence]
• United States Department of State, [33], [85], [88], [194], [228], [263–264]
• United States Department of the Interior, and historic preservation, [161].
• See also [National parks, National Park Service, and National Park System].
• United States Department of War, [263], [264]
• United States General Services Administration, [265]
• United States Government, and Declaration, [264];
• and historic sites and buildings, [195], [212], [226];
• buildings of, [173];
• capitals of, see [United States Capitals];
• first official document of, see [Declaration of Independence];
• formation of, exhibit on, [267];
• Jefferson sells library to, [90];
• permanent records of, [265], [267];
• role of signers in, [29], [60] (and see specific signers).
• See also [Colonies];
• [Continental Congress];
• entries immediately preceding and following;
• and appropriate topics throughout this index.
• United States House of Representatives, [48], [50–51], [54], [131], [195].
• See also [United States Congress].
• United States Judiciary, [29], [45], [46], [114], [145], [148], [213], [218], [219], [221]
• United States Mint, [125]
• United States Navy, [264].
• See also [Continental Navy].
• United States Presidents and Presidency, and John and John Quincy Adams, [29], [30], [33], [35], [193], [194], [195], [218], [222];
• and Mrs. John Adams, [34];
• and signers, [29], [30], [85], [89], [239];
• dignity of, [171];
• electors for, [54], [84], [128], [142];
• inaugurations and inaugural addresses of, [239], [267];
• official residence of, see [White House];
• unofficial residence of, [222].
• See also specific Presidents.
• United States Secretary of State, see [United States Department of State]
• United States Secretary of the Interior, see [United States Department of the Interior]
• United States Secretary of the Treasury, see [United States Treasury Department]
• United States Senate, [40], [44], [62], [92], [94], [106], [108], [118], [119], [131], [142].
• See also [United States Congress].
• United States Supreme Court, see [United States Judiciary]
• United States Treasury Department, [106], [108], [152]
• United States Vice Presidents, [29], [33], [35], [59], [61], [85], [88], [193], [195], [196], [228]
• United States War Department, [263], [264]
• United States War for Independence, see [War for Independence]
• Universalist Church, N.H., [41]
• Universities, see [Colleges and universities]
• University of Edinburgh, Scotland, [124], [134], [145], [149]
• University of Georgia, [67], [142]
• University of Glasgow, Scotland, [145]
• University of New York, [105]
• University of Pennsylvania, [82], [113], [126], [228]
• University of Pennsylvania Medical School, [228]
• University of St. Andrews, Scotland, [145]
• University of the State of Pennsylvania, [126]
• University of Virginia, [89], [90], [243]
• Urbanization, and historic preservation, [159]
• Valley Forge, Pa., [29]
• Van Brugh, Catherine, and signer, [96]
• Van Doren, Carl, historian, quoted, [217]
• Vandalism, and historic sites, [50], [159]
• Vassall, Maj. Leonard, and Adams National Historic Site, [194]
• Vassall-Adams House, Mass., see [Adams National Historic Site]
• Vermont (colony and State), [153]
• Verse, see [Literature and literary figures]
• Vice Presidents, U.S., see [United States Vice Presidents]
• Villa architectural plan, [246]
• Villages, see [Cities, towns, and villages]
• Virginia (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, [7], [9], [15], [16], [18], [20], [24], [41–42], [70–71], [74], [75], [85–94], [110–112], [117], [135], [136], [141], [154–156], [160], [239–256], [263].
• See also entries immediately following.
• Virginia Association, [42], [93]
• Virginia House of Burgesses, [38], [41–42], [70], [86], [91], [92], [93], [111], [155]
• Virginia Resolves, [42]
• Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, [88], [90]
• Vocations of signers, compared, [31].
• See also individual signers.
• Wakefield Academy, England, [92]
• Wales and Welshmen, [53], [62], [118]
• Wallingford, Conn., [65], [130]
• Walton, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, [31], [50], [64], [65], [66], [138], [140–142], [161], [173–176]
• Walton, George, Jr., son of signer, [175]
• Walton, Mrs. George, wife of signer, [141]
• Walton descendants, [175]
• Walton-Harper House, Ga., see [College Hill]
• Wamassee Head, Ga., [177]
• War for Independence (U.S.), and Declaration of Independence, [3], [23–24], [217];
• and Loyalists, see [Loyalists and Tories];
• battles and campaigns, land and naval, and course of, [3–156] passim, [207–218] passim, [228], [233], [236], [239], [248], [263], [264];
• begins, [12], [38], [42];
• ends, see [Treaty of Paris];
• feared, [134];
• financed, see [Continental Congress, fiscal problems and policies of];
• generated, see [Independence movement and British-colonial clash];
• heroes of, [75], [251];
• heroes of, painted, [218];
• impact of, on signers and their families, see [Risks and sacrifices of signers];
• Iroquois Indians neutral during, [153];
• peace negotiations during, [35], [58], [98], [128], [136];
• verge of, [9];
• won, [24].
• See also appropriate topics throughout this index.
• War of 1812, [172], [173], [263]
• War Office Building, D.C., [263]
• Ward, Samuel, politician, [80]
• Warren (town), R.I., [80]
• Wars, and historic sites, [159]. See also specific wars.
• Warwick Furnace, Pa., [137]
• Washington, President George, career of and sites associated with, [14], [23–24], [27], [29], [34], [35], [42], [46], [52], [60], [69], [75], [95], [98], [104], [107], [108], [114], [124], [125], [148], [171], [217], [218], [228], [233], [255], [264], [267]
• Washington, D.C., history of and historic sites in, [3], [62], [108], [161], [170–173], [218], [263–266] passim
• Washington College, Md., [114]
• Watkins, Thomas, and Meadow Garden, [175]
• Wealth and financial status of signers, compared, [27], [28–29], [30], [31], [43].
• See also [Debts and economic reversals of signers];
• and individual signers.
• Weapons, see [Arms, ammunition, and ordnance]
• Webster, Daniel, Secretary of State, [264]
• Welcome (village), Md., [135]
• Welles, Rev. Samuel, and Williams Birthplace, [166]
• Welles-Williams House, Conn., see [Williams Birthplace]
• Wells family, [204]
• West, Benjamin, artist, [82]
• West Indies, [100], [194], [202]
• West Nottingham Academy, Md., [124], [134]
• Westchester County, N.Y., [105]
• Western Reserve (in present Ohio), [153]
• Western United States, see [Frontier and frontiersmen]
• Westernville, N.Y., [54], [211], [212]
• Westminster School, England, [95]
• Westmoreland Association (1766), [93]
• Westmoreland County, Va., [91], [92]
• Westward expansion, see [Frontier and frontiersmen]
• Whedbee, Joseph, builder, [214]
• Whigs (patriots) and Whig Party, see [Independence movement and British-colonial clash]
• Whipple, Joseph, brother of signer, [143]
• Whipple, Mrs. William, wife of signer, [143], [202]
• Whipple, William (signer), career of and sites associated with, [28], [142–143], [177–178], [201–202]
• Whipple Birthplace, Maine, [177–178]
• White Hall Plantation, S.C., [76], [233]
• White (Bishop) House, Pa., [224], [226]
• White House (“President’s House”;
• “President’s Palace”), D.C., [34], [85], [170–173]
• White Plains, N.Y., [105]
• Whitestone, N.Y., [95]
• Widowers, signers as, [35], [41], [46], [54], [148]
• Widows of signers, see [Wives and widows of signers]
• Wilkins, John, builder, [214]
• William and Mary, College of, see [College of William and Mary]
• William and Mary architectural style, [252]
• Williams, Mrs. William, wife of signer, [144]
• Williams, Rev. Solomon, father of signer, [166], [168]
• Williams, William (signer), career of and sites associated with, [31], [144–145], [166–169]
• Williams Birthplace (Welles-Williams House), Conn., [166–167]
• Williams House, Conn., [168–169]
• Williamsburg, Williamsburg Historic District, and Colonial Williamsburg, Va., [15], [42], [86], [93], [111], [154–156], [255–256]
• Willing, Charles, shipper, [106]
• Willing, Thomas, shipper-legislator, [106], [110]
• Wills, [67], [120], [156]
• Wilmington, Del., [119]
• Wilmington, N.C., [77], [78], [214]
• Wilson, James (signer), career of and sites associated with, [28], [29], [110], [125], [145–148], [213–214], [222], [224]
• Wilson, Mrs. James, first wife of signer, [146]
• Wilson, Mrs. James, second wife of signer, [148]
• Windham, Windham County, and Windham district, Conn., [83], [144]
• Windsor, Conn., [152], [169]
• Winyaw, S.C., [99]
• Wiscasset, Maine, [139]
• Wistar, Dr. Caspar, and Philadelphia, [228]
• Witherspoon, James, son of signer, [151]
• Witherspoon, John (signer), career of and sites associated with, [28], [31], [124], [134], [149–151], [208–210], [228]
• Witherspoon, Mrs. John, first wife of signer, [124], [134], [149], [150]
• Witherspoon, Mrs. John, second wife of signer, [151]
• Wives and widows of signers, last to survive, [62] (and see particular signers and individuals)
• Wolcott, Oliver (signer), career of and sites associated with, [24], [31], [152–153], [169–170]
• Wolcott, Oliver, son of signer, [152], [153]
• Wolcott, Roger, father of signer, [152], [153]
• Wolcott descendants, [170]
• Wolcott House, Conn., [169–170]
• Wolverhampton, England, [62]
• Wooley, Edmund, carpenter, [217]
• Worcester, Mass., [33], [139], [203]
• World War II, [265]
• Writers and writing, see [Literature and literary figures]
• Wyandotte Indians, [153]
• Wye Hall, Wye Island, and Wye Plantation, Md., [113], [114], [188]
• Wyoming Valley land dispute, [133], [143]
• Wythe, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, [24], [86], [88], [154–156], [255–256]
• Wythe, Mrs. George, first wife of signer, [154]
• Wythe, Mrs. George, second wife of signer, [154–155], [255]
• Wythe, Thomas, brother of signer, [154]
• Wythe House, Va., [255–256]
• XYZ affair, [61]
• Yale College, Conn., [65], [84], [96], [105], [130], [152]
• Yeoman farmers, [86]
• York and York County, Pa., [98], [132], [133], [218], [263]
• York County, Va., [111]
• York Hall, Va., see [Nelson House]
• Yorkshire, England, [92]
• Yorktown and Battle (siege) of Yorktown, Va., [108], [111], [112], [218], [248], [255]

☆ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1974 O-477-940

Sketch of proposed reconstruction of the Graff House, where Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.

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