[75] Heine: Die romantische Schule.
[76] Wilhelm Langhans: ‘The History of Music,’ Eng. transl. by J. H. Cornell, 1886.
[77] Ibid.
[78] Fyffe: ‘History of Modern Europe’, Vol. I.
[79] He was a pupil first of his stepbrother, Fridolin, of Heuschkel in Hildburghausen, of Michael Haydn in Salzburg (1797), of Kalcher in theory, and Valesi in singing.
[80] Reinach’s ‘Apollo.’
[81] John Field, b. Dublin, 1782; d. Moscow, 1837; pianist and composer; was a pupil of Clementi, whom he followed to Paris and later to St. Petersburg, where he became noted as a teacher. Afterwards he gave concerts successfully in London, as well as in Belgium, France, and Italy. His 20 ‘Nocturnes’ for pianoforte are the basis of his fame. Being the first to use the name, he may be considered to have established the type. His other compositions include concertos, sonatas, etc., and some chamber music.
[82] Johann Nepomuk Hummel (1778-1837). Sec Vol. XI.
[83] Johann Baptist Cramer (1771-1858). See Vol. XI.
[84] Born, Frankfort, 1811; died, Cologne, 1885; was a man of many parts, brilliant pianist and conductor, composer of fine sensibility and mastery of form, and a talented critic and author; cosmopolite and friend of many distinguished musicians, from Cherubini to Berlioz, and especially of Mendelssohn. He left operas, symphonies, oratorios, chamber music, etc., and theoretical works. His smaller works—piano pieces and songs—are still popular.