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| [EARLY CONTINENTAL WRITERS] |
| 354—1380 |
| [St. Aurelius Augustine]—(Born in Numidia, Africa, in 354; died in 430.) |
| | [Imperial Power for Good and Bad Men.] |
| | (From Book IV, Chapter III, of "De Civitate Dei") | [3] |
| [Anicius Boethius]—(Born about 475, died about 524.) |
| | [The Highest Happiness.] |
| | (From "The Consolations of Philosophy." Translated by Alfred the Great) | [6] |
| [St. Thomas Aquinas]—(Born near Aquino, Italy, probably in 1225; died in 1274.) |
| | [A Definition of Happiness.] |
| | (From the "Ethics") | [12] |
| [Thomas à Kempis]—(Born in Rhenish Prussia about 1380, died in the Netherlands in 1471.) |
| | [Of Eternal Life and of Striving for It.] |
| | (From "The Imitation of Christ") | [16] |
| [FRANCE] |
| Twelfth Century—1885 |
| [Geoffrey de Ville-Hardouin]—(Born between 1150 and 1165; died in 1212.) |
| | [The Sack of Constantinople.] |
| | (From "The Chronicles." Translated by Eric Arthur Bell) | [23] |
| [Jean de Joinville]—(Born in 1224, died in 1317.) |
| | [Greek Fire in Battle.] |
| | (From "The Memoirs of Louis IX, King of France." Translated by Thomas Johnes) | [27] |
| | ["Aucassin and Nicolette."] |
| | (A French romance of the 12th Century, the author's name unknown) | [30] |
| [Jean Froissart]—(Born in 1337, died in 1410.) |
| | [The Battle of Crécy.] |
| | (From the "Chronicles." Translated by Thomas Johnes) | [39] |
| [Philippe de Comines]—(Born in France about 1445, died in 1511.) |
| | [Of the Character of Louis XI] |
| | (From the "Memoirs." Translated by Andrew R. Scoble) | [46] |
| [Marguerite d'Angoulême]—(Born in 1492, died in 1549.) |
| | [Of Husbands Who Are Unfaithful.] |
| | (From the "Heptameron") | [53] |
| [François Rabelais]—(Born in 1495, died in 1553.) |
| I | | [Gargantua in His Childhood.] |
| | (From "The Inestimable Life of the Great Gargantua." Translated by Urquhart and Motteux) | [58] |
| II | | [Gargantua's Education.] |
| | (From "The Inestimable Life of the Great Gargantua." Translated by Urquhartand Motteux) | [64] |
| III | | [Of the Founding of an Ideal Abbey.] |
| | (From "The Inestimable Life of the Great Gargantua." Translated by Urquhart and Motteux) | [74] |
| [John Calvin]—(Born in 1509, died in 1564.) |
| | [Of Freedom for the Will.] |
| | (From the "Institutes") | [84] |
| [Joachim Du Bellay]—(Born about 1524, died in 1560.) |
| | [Why Old French Was Not as Rich as Greek and Latin.] |
| | (From the "Défense et Illustration de la Langue Françoise." Translated by Eric Arthur Bell) | [87] |
| [Michel De Montaigne]—(Born in 1533, died in 1592.) |
| I | | [A Word to His Readers.] |
| | (From the preface to the "Essays." Translated by John Florio) | [90] |
| II | | [Of Society and Solitude.] |
| | (From the essay entitled "Of Three Commerces." The Cotton translation, revised by W. C. Hazlitt) | [92] |
| III | | [Of His Own Library.] |
| | (From the essay entitled "Of Three Commerces." The Cotton translation, revised by W. C. Hazlitt) | [94] |
| IV | | [That the Soul Discharges Her Passions upon False Objects Where True Ones Are Wanting.] |
| | (From the essay with that title. The Cotton translation) | [99] |
| V | | [That Men Are Not to Judge of Our Happiness Till After Death.] |
| | (From the essay with that title. The Cotton translation) | [102] |
| [René Descartes]—(Born in 1596, died in 1650.) |
| | [Of Material Things and of the Existence of God.] |
| | (From the "Meditations." Translated by John Veitch) | [107] |
| [Duc de la Rochefoucauld]—(Born in France in 1613, died in 1680.) |
| | [A Selection from the "Maxims."] |
| | (Translated by Willis Bund and Hain Friswell) | [112] |
| [Blaise Pascal]—(Born in 1623, died in 1662.) |
| | [Of the Prevalence of Self-Love.] |
| | (From the "Thoughts." Translated by C. Kegan Paul) | [118] |
| [Madame de Sévigné]—(Born in Paris in 1626, died in 1696.) |
| I | | [Great News from Paris.] |
| | (From a letter dated Paris, December 15, 1670) | [123] |
| II | | [An Imposing Funeral Described.] |
| | (From a letter to her daughter, dated Paris, May 6,1672) | [125] |
| [Alain René Le Sage]—(Born in 1668, died in 1747.) |
| I | | [In the Service of Dr. Sangrado.] |
| | (From "Gil Blas." Translated by Tobias Smollett) | [129] |
| II | | [As an Archbishop's Favorite.] |
| | (From "Gil Blas." Translated by Tobias Smollett) | [135] |
| [Duc de Saint-Simon]—(Born in 1675, died in 1755.) |
| I | | [The Death of the Dauphin.] |
| | (From the "Memoirs." Translated by Bayle St. John) | [141] |
| II | | [The Public Watching the King and Madame.] |
| | (From the "Memoirs." Translated by Bayle St. John) | [145] |
| [Baron de Montesquieu]—(Born in 1689, died in 1755.) |
| I | | [Of the Causes Which Destroyed Rome.] |
| | (From the "Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans") | [150] |
| II | | [Of the Relation of Laws to Human Beings.] |
| | (From the "Spirit of Laws." Translated by Thomas Nugent) | [156] |
| [François Arouet Voltaire]—(Born in Paris in 1694, died in 1778.) |
| I | | [Of Bacon's Greatness.] |
| | (From the "Letters on England") | [160] |
| II | | [England's Regard for Men of Letters.] |
| | (From the "Letters on England") | [164] |
| [Jean Jacques Rousseau]—(Born in 1712, died in 1778.) |
| I | | [Of Christ and Socrates] | [170] |
| II | | [Of the Management of Children.] |
| | (From the "New Héloïse") | [173] |
| [Madame de Staël]—(Born in 1763, died in 1817.) |
| | [Of Napoleon Bonaparte.] |
| | (From "Considerations on the French Revolution") | [178] |
| [Viscount de Chateaubriand]—(Born in 1768, died in 1848.) |
| | [In an American Forest.] |
| | (From the "Historical Essay on Revolutions") | [182] |
| [François Guizot]—(Born in 1787, died in 1874.) |
| | [Shakespeare as an Example of Civilization.] |
| | (From "Shakespeare and His Times") | [189] |
| [Alphonse de Lamartine]—(Born in 1790, died in 1869.) |
| | [Of Mirabeau's Origin and Place in History.] |
| | (From Book I of the "History of the Girondists." Translated by T. Ryde) | [195] |
| [Louis Adolph Thiers]—(Born in 1797, died in 1877.) |
| | [The Burning of Moscow.] |
| | (From the "History of the Consulate and the Empire") | [201] |
| [Honoré de Balzac]—(Born in 1799, died in 1850.) |
| I | | [The Death of Père Goriot.] |
| | (From the concluding chapter of "Père Goriot." Translated by Helen Marriàge) | [210] |
| II | | [Birotteau's Early Married Life.] |
| | (From "The Rise and Fall of César Birotteau." Translated by Helen Marriàge) | [215] |
| [Alfred de Vigny]—(Born in 1799, died in 1863.) |
| | [Richelieu's Way with His Master.] |
| | (From "Cinq-Mars; or, The Conspiracy under Louis XIII." Translated by William C. Hazlitt) | [222] |
| [Victor Hugo]—(Born in France in 1802, died in 1885.) |
| I | | [The Battle of Waterloo.] |
| | (From Chapter XV of "Cosette," in "Les Misérables." Translated by Lascelles Wraxall) | [228] |
| II | | [The Beginnings and Expansions of Paris.] |
| | (From Book III, Chapter II, of "Notre-Dame de Paris") | [235] |
| [Alexander Dumas]—(Born in 1802, died in 1870.) |
| | [The Shoulder, the Belt and the Handkerchief.] |
| | (From "The Three Musketeers") | [241] |
| [George Sand]—(Born in 1804, died in 1876.) |
| | [Lélia and the Poet.] |
| | (From "Lélia") | [250] |