| Name of Battle; Approximate Location; Date | Contesting Nations or Parties | Results and Marked Features of the Contest |
|---|
| | Abensberg (ä´bens-berg), Bavaria, April 20, 1809 | | French and Bavarians vs. Austrians | About 90,000 engaged on each side. |
| | Aboukir (ä-bōō-kêr´), Battle of theNile, Egypt, August 1, 1798 | | English vs. French | Nelson cut off Napoleon’s return to Europe. |
| | Aboukir, Egypt, July 25, 1799 | | French vs. Turks | Two-thirds of Turkish troops killed. |
| † | Abydos (ȧ-bī´dos), Hellespont, B. C. 411 | | Athenians vs. Peloponnesians | ... |
| | Acragas (ak´ra-gas), Siege of, Sicily, B. C. 406 | | Carthaginians vs. Greeks | The citizens evacuated the fortress. |
| | Acre (ä´ker or ā´ker), Siege of, Syria, 1189-1191 | | Christians vs. Saracens | Richard the Lion Hearted won renown by this siege. |
| | Acre, Siege of, Syria, March 17, 1799 | | Turks vs. French | ... |
| † | Actium (ak´shi-um), Greece, September 2, B. C. 31 | | Augustus vs. Antony | At the critical moment Antony and Cleopatra sail away. |
| | Adowa (ä´dō-wä), Northeast Africa, March 1,1896 | | Ethiopians vs. Italians | Italians routed with enormous loss. |
| | Adrianople (ad-ri-an-ō´pl), Thrace, July 3, 323 | | Constantine vs. Licinius | Constantine gained empire. |
| | Adrianople, Thrace, 378 | | Visigoths vs. Romans | Emperor Valens defeated and slain. |
| | Adwalton (ad´wal-ton) Moor, England, January 30, 1643 | | Royalists vs. Parliamentarians | ... |
| | Ægadian Islands (ē-gā´di-an), Sicily, B. C.241 | | Romans vs. Carthaginians | This victory put an end to the first Punic war. |
| † | Ægospotami (ē-gos-pot´a-mī), Thrace, B. C.405 | | Spartans vs. Athenians | Virtually ended Peloponnesian war. |
| | Aghrim (ô´grim), Ireland, July 12, 1691 | | William III. vs. James II. | Irish savagely slaughtered. |
| | Agincourt (ȧ-zhan-kōōr); E. (aj´in-kört), France, October 25, 1415 | | English vs. French | Great victory for Henry V. |
| | Agnadello (ä-nyä-del´lō), Italy, May 14, 1509 | | French vs. Venetians | One of the most disastrous battles in the history of Venice. |
| | Agrigentum (ag-ri-jen´tum), Siege of, Sicily, B. C.262 | | Romans vs. Carthaginians | ... |
| | Alamo (ä´lȧ-mō), Storming of the, Texas,U. S., February 22, 1836 | | Mexicans vs. Texans | Survivors put to the sword. |
| | Albuera (äl-bwā´rā), Spain, May 16, 1811 | | British vs. French | Heavy losses on both sides. |
| | Aleppo (ä-lep´ō), Syria, 638 | | Moslems vs. Syrians | Last serious resistance in Syria to the invading Moslems. |
| | Alexandria (ä-leks-än´dri-ä), Siege of,Egypt, 638 | | Moslems vs. Egyptians | Left Moslems masters of Egypt. |
| | Alexandria, Bombardment of, Egypt, July 11-12, 1882 | | English vs. Arabi Pasha | Forts totally destroyed. English occupy Egypt. |
| | Algiers (al-jērz´), Bombardment of, Algeria, 1816 | | English and Dutch vs. Dey of Algeria | Dey agreed to total abolition of Christian slavery in his dominion. |
| | Allia (al´i-ä), Italy, B. C. 390 | | Brennus and his Gauls vs. Romans | Rome left defenseless. |
| | Alma (äl´ma), Crimea, September 20, 1854 | | English and French vs. Russians | British carried heights at the point of the bayonet. |
| | Almansa (äl-män´sä), Spain, April 25, 1707 | | French vs. British and Portuguese | Spain lost to the allies. |
| | Amphipolis (am-fip´ō-lis), Siege of, Thrace, B. C.422 | | Spartans vs. Athenians | Both Brasidas and Cleon fell. |
| | Anaquito (ä-nä-kē´tō), Peru, 1546 | | Pizarro vs. Viceroy Menez | Government of Peru fell into Pizzaro’s hands. |
| | Angora (an-gō´rȧ), Asia Minor, 1402 | | Tartars vs. Turks | Tamerlane said to have had eight hundred thousand men. |
| | Antietam (an-tē´tam), Maryland, U. S., September 17,1862 | * | Confederates vs. U. S. | Heavy losses on both sides. Lee’s army greatly outnumbered. |
| | Antioch, Siege of, Syria, 1097-1098 | | Crusaders vs. Saracens | Defenders massacred. |
| | Antwerp (ant´wirp), Belgium, 1576 | | Spaniards vs. Walloons | Massacre of inhabitants known as the “Spanish Fury.” |
| | Appomattox (ap-pō-mat´oks), Virginia, U. S., April 9,1865 | | U. S. vs. Confederates | Marked the close of the American Civil war, and surrender of General Lee. |
| | Aquae Sextiae (ā´kwe seks´ti-ē) Gaul, B. C. 102 | | Romans vs. Teutons | Caius Marius annihilates the barbarian army. |
| | Arbela (är-bē´lä), Persia, B. C. 331 | | Macedonians vs. Persians | This victory made Alexander master of Asia. |
| | Arcola (är´kō-lā), Italy, November 15-17, 1796 | | French under Napoleon vs. Austrians | Napoleon prevented the junction of two Austrian armies. |
| | Arcot (är-kot´), Siege of, India, August 31- November15, 1751 | | English and Sepoys vs. French | Robert Clive held out ten weeks against a far superior force before being relieved. |
| † | Arginusae (är-ji-nū´sē), Asia Minor, B. C. 406 | | Athenians vs. Peloponnesians | Command of the sea temporarily restored to Athens. |
| † | Armada (är-mä´dä), The Invincible, EnglishChannel, July, 1588 | | English vs. Spanish | Beginning of English sea-power. |
| | Arsuf (ar-suf), Syria, September 7, 1191 | | English Crusaders vs. Saracens | Great victory of Richard the Lion Hearted over Saladin. |
| † | Artemisium (ār-te-mish´um), Eubœa, B. C. 480 | * | Persians vs. Greeks | Fought at the same time as the battle of Thermopylæ. |
| | Ascalon[701] (as´ka-lon), Syria, 1099 | | Crusaders vs. Saracens | Moslem resistance to Christians ended for a time. |
| | Asculum (as´ku-lum), Italy, B. C. 279 | | Pyrrhus vs. Romans | Pyrrhus, though victorious, suffered great loss. |
| | Aspern (äs´pern), Austria, May 21-22, 1809 | * | Austrians vs. French | Napoleon retired. Each side lost about 20,000 men. |
| | Assaye (ä-sī´), India, September 23, 1803 | | English vs. East Indians | Sir Arthur Wellesley (later duke of Wellington) defeated forces almost ten times as numerous. |
| | Austerlitz (ous´ter-lits), Austria, December 2, 1805 | | French vs. Russians, Austrians | The Battle of the Three Emperors: Napoleon, Alexander I., Francis I. |
| † | Azores (ȧ-zōrz´), Atlantic Ocean, 1591 | | Spanish vs. English | Gallant fight made by Sir Richard Grenville in the Revenge. |
| | Balaclava (bäl-ä-klä´vä), Crimea, October25, 1854 | | Russians vs. English | “Charge of the Light Brigade” celebrated by Tennyson. |
| | Bannockburn (ban´ok-burn), Scotland, June 24, 1314 | | Scots vs. English | Bruce drives back English invaders with great slaughter. |
| | Barnet (bär´net), England, April 4, 1471 | | Yorkists vs. Lancastrians | Earl of Warwick (“Kingmaker”) slain. |
| | Bautzen (bout´sen), Germany, May 20-21, 1813 | | French vs. Prussians, Russians | The allies lost 15,000 killed and wounded. |
| † | Beachy Head, England, June 30, 1690 | | French vs. English, Dutch | The French had been sent to create a diversion in favor of James II. in Ireland. |
| | Belgrade (bel-grād´), Siege of, Servia, April,1456 | | Hungarians vs. Turks | John Hunyady’s last exploit. |
| | Beneventum (ben-e-ven´tum), Italy, B. C. 275 | | Romans vs. Pyrrhus | Pyrrhus’ last serious attack against the Romans. |
| | Beresina (ber-yā´zē-nä), Crossing of the,Russia, November 28, 1812 | | Russians vs. French | A most terrible disaster on the retreat from Moscow. |
| | Bergen-op-Zoom (berch´en-op-zōm´), Siege of, Netherlands, 1747 | | French vs. English, Dutch | French lost heavily in this siege. |
| | Bibracte (bi-brak´tē), Gaul, B. C. 58 | | Romans vs. Helvetians | A defeat would have meant destruction to Cæsar. |
| | Blenheim (blen´im), Bavaria, August 13, 1704 | | British and Imperialists vs. French and Bavarians | Brilliant victory of Marlborough and Prince Eugene. |
| | Borodino (bor-o-dyē-nô´) commonly Anglicized,(bor-ō-dē´nō) | * | French vs. Russians | One of the most bloody battles on record. |
| | Bosworth Field, England, August, 1485 | | Lancastrians vs. Yorkists | Richard III. slain; Henry Tudor becomes Henry VII. of England. |
| | Bouvines (bö-vēn´) Flanders, 1214 | | French vs. Flemish, English and Germans | Secures the position of Philip Augustus on the throne of France. |
| | Bovianum (bö-vi-ä´num), Siege of, Italy, B. C.305 | | Romans vs. Samnites | End of second Samnite war. |
| | Boyne (boin) river, Ireland, July 1, 1690 | | William III. vs. James II. | Irish under James II. totally defeated. |
| | Breitenfeld (brīt´en-felt), Germany, September 7, 1631 | | Swedes and Saxons vs. Imperialists | Brilliant victory of Gustavus Adolphus over Tilly. |
| | Breitenfeld, Germany, 1642 | | Swedes vs. Imperialists | Victory of Tortenson over Piccolomini. |
| | Brill, Seizure of, Holland, 1572 | | Netherlanders vs. Spanish | The first success of the Netherlanders. |
| | Buena Vista (bwā´nä vēs´tä), Mexico, February 22-23, 1847 | | Americans vs. Mexicans | General Zachary Taylor victorious over much larger force. |
| | Bull Run, Virginia, U. S. A., July 21, 1861 | | Confederates vs. Federals | The first important battle of the Civil war. |
| | Bunker’s Hill, Massachusetts, U. S. A., June 17, 1775 | | British vs. Americans | Though dislodged from their position, the Americans won a practical victory. |
| | Byzantium (bi-zan´shi-um), Siege of, Thrace, 323 | | Constantine vs. Licinius | Byzantium refounded as Constantinople, the capital of the empire. |
| † | Cadiz (kā´diz, Sp. kä´dēth), Spain, 1587 | | English vs. Spanish | Here Drake “singed the King of Spain’s beard.” |
| | Calais (Fr. kȧ-lä´), Siege of, France,1346-1347 | | English vs. French | Calais remained in English possession until 1558. |
| † | Camperdown (kam-per-doun´), Holland, October 11, 1797 | | British vs. Dutch | The Dutch fleet, allied with France, was practically destroyed. |
| | Cannæ (kan´ē), Italy, B. C. 216 | | Carthaginians vs. Romans | Hannibal inflicts one of the most disastrous defeats the Romans ever suffered. |
| † | Cape St. Vincent, Portugal, February 14, 1797 | | British vs. Spanish | Spanish fleet, allied with France, beaten by Admiral Jervis. |
| | Capua (kap´ū-a; It. kä´pŏŏ-ä), Siege of, Italy, B. C. 211 | | Romans vs. Capuans and Carthaginians | Hannibal was unable to break through Roman lines and relieve the city. |
| | Carrhæ (kar´ē), Mesopotamia, B. C. 53 | | Parthians vs. Romans | Crassus, one of the triumvirs, defeated and shortly after slain. |
| | Carthage (kär´thij), Siege of, North Africa, B. C.146 | | Romans vs. Carthaginians | Carthage razed to the ground. |
| | Castillon (käs-te-yôn´), France, July 17, 1453 | | French vs. English | This victory ended the Hundred Years’ war. |
| † | Catana (kä-tän´ä), Sicily, B. C. 387 | | Carthaginians vs. Syracusans | Syracusans utterly routed. Carthaginians besieged Syracuse. |
| | Caudine (kâ´din) Forks, Italy, B. C. 321 | | Samnites vs. Romans | The whole Roman army was “sent under the yoke.” |
| | Cawnpore (kân´pōr), India, December 6, 1857 | | British vs. Mutineers | Sir Colin Campbell routs mutineers. |
| | Chæronea (ker-ō-nēȧ), Greece, B. C. 338 | | Macedonians vs. Athenians and Thebans | Philip of Macedon wins hegemony of Greece. |
| | Chalons (shä-lôn´), France, 451 | | Romans and Visigoths vs. Huns | Attila retreated and western Europe was saved from the Huns. |
| | Chattanooga (chat-ȧ-nōō´gȧ) Tennessee,U. S. A., November 24-27, 1863 | | Federals vs. Confederates | The “Battle above the Clouds” fought on Lookout Mountain. |
| | Chickamauga[702](chik-ȧ-mô´-gȧ), Tennessee, U. S. A., Sept. 19-20, 1863 | | Confederates vs. Federals | Federal losses 16,000; Confederate about 12,000. |
| | Chioggia (kyod´jā), Blockade of, Venetia, January toJune, 1380 | | Venetians vs. Genoese | Loss of this city broke the power of the Genoese republic for many years. |
| | Chotusitz (chō´tö-zits) (Caslau), Bohemia, May17, 1742 | | Prussians vs. Austrians | This victory led Austria to sign the peace of Breslau, June 11, 1742. |
| | Clusium (klōō´shi-um), Italy, B. C. 225 | | Gauls vs. Romans | Romans said to have lost 25,000. |
| † | Cnidus (nī´dus), Asia Minor, B. C. 394 | | Athenians and Persians vs. Spartans | Sparta lost her recently gained maritime ascendency. |
| | Colenso (kō-len´sō), South Africa, December 15,1899 | | Boers vs. British | First action in Buller’s campaign for the relief of Ladysmith. |
| | Colline (kol´in) Gate, Rome, B. C. 82 | | Optimates vs. Democrates and Samnites | Sulla’s victory ended the Roman civil war. |
| † | Constantinople (kon-stan-ti-nō´pl), Siege of,Thrace, 1204 | | Crusaders and Venetians vs. Greek Empire | Baldwin of Flanders becomes Latin emperor of the East. |
| | Constantinople, Siege of, Thrace, April 26-May 29, 1453 | | Turks vs. Greeks | Final overthrow of Greek Empire. |
| | Copenhagen (kō-pen-hā´gen), Bombardment of,Denmark, 1807 | | British vs. Danish | England forces surrender of Danish fleet to save it from Napoleon. |
| | Coronea (kor-ŏ-nē´ȧ), Greece, B. C. 394 | | Sparta vs. Thebes, Corinth, Argos and Athens | Agesilaus, Spartan king, compelled to evacuate Bœotia. |
| | Corunna (kō-run´ȧ), Spain, January 16, 1809 | | British vs. French | Sir John Moore killed. French kept at bay while British embarked. |
| | Courtral (kŏŏ-trā´), Flanders, July 11, 1302 | | Flemish vs. French | “Battle of the Spurs.” Great carnage among French knighthood. |
| | Crécy (krā´sē), France, August 26, 1346 | | English vs. French | Victory due to English archers. |
| | Crimisus (kri-mī´sus), the river, Sicily, B. C.340 | | Sicilians vs. Carthaginians | Secured Greek towns of Sicily peace for many years. |
| | Culloden (ku-lō´den or -lod´en), Scotland, April 16, 1746 | | British vs. Scots under Young Pretender | Last attempt of the Stuarts to recover British throne. |
| | Cunaxa (kū-nak´sȧ), Babylonia, B. C. 401 | | Cyrus and the “Ten Thousand” vs. Persians | Cyrus was slain and the Greeks made the “Anabasis” to the sea. |
| | Custozza (kös-tōd´zā), Italy, June 24, 1866 | | Austrians vs. Italians | Though defeated, the Italians gained Venetia through Prussia. |
| | Cynoscephalae (sī-nō-sef´ȧ-lē orsin-ō), Greece, B. C. 197 | | Romans vs. Macedonians | Philip V. forced to abandon the hegemony of Greece. |
| † | Cyzicus (siz´i-kus), Propontis, B. C. 410 | | Athenians vs. Peloponnesians | Alcibiades surprised and practically annihilated the Peloponnesian fleet. |
| | Dardanelles (där-dȧ-nelz´) Campaign, Turkey,March 18, 1915, to January 9, 1916 | | Turks vs. British and French | British and French withdrew after a loss of 115,000, killed, wounded or prisoners. |
| | Delhi (del´i), Siege of, India, June 8 to September 20,1857 | | British vs. Mutineers | Delhi was the real center of the Indian mutiny. |
| | Delium (dē´li-um), Greece, B. C. 424 | | Bœotians vs. Athenians | Decisive and disastrous defeat for Athenians. |
| | Dennewitz (den´ne-vits), Germany, September 6, 1813 | | Russians, Prussians, Austrians and Swedes, Allies, vs. French | Victory of Bernadotte (afterward Charles XIV. of Sweden) over Ney. |
| | Deorham (de-or´häm), England, 577 | | West Saxons vs. Welsh | Wessex extended to Bristol channel, severing Welsh into two parts. |
| | Dessau (des´ou), Germany, 1626 | | Imperialists vs. Protestants | Wallenstein totally routed Mansfeld. |
| | Dettingen (det´ing-en), Germany, June 27, 1743 | | British vs. French | Last battle in which a British sovereign engaged in person. |
| | Douro (dō´rŏŏ, Span. dwā´rō), the river, Portugal, May 12, 1809 | | British vs. French | French driven out of Oporto. |
| † | Downs, The, North Sea, June 11-14, 1666 | * | Dutch vs. English | English fleet took shelter in the Thames; Dutch too crippled to pursue. |
| † | Drepana (drep´a-nä), Sicily, B. C. 249 | | Carthaginians vs. Romans | This and other defeats led Romans to abandon the sea temporarily. |
| | Dresden (drez´den; Ger. drās´den), Germany, August 26, 27, 1813 | | French vs. Russians, Prussians, and Austrians | Napoleon’s last great victory on German soil. |
| | Drogheda (drô´he-dȧ or drô´e-dȧ), Storm of, Ireland, Sept. 12, 1649 | | British and Parliamentarians vs. Royalists | Cromwell put the garrison to the sword. |
| | Dunbar (dun-bär´), Scotland, Sept. 3, 1650 | | Parliamentarians vs. Scottish Royalists | Cromwell’s victory followed by the surrender of Edinburgh and Glasgow. |
| | Ebersberg (ā´bers-berg), Storm of, Bavaria, May 3,1809 | | French vs. Austrians | A horrible combat in which thousands were burned in the ruined village. |
| † | Ecnomus (ek´no-mus), Sicily, B. C. 256 | | Romans vs. Carthaginians | Romans laid waste Carthaginian territory in Africa. |
| | Edgehill, England, October 23, 1642 | * | Royalists vs. Parliamentarians | The first battle of the Civil war. Royalists march on London. |
| | El Caney (el kä-nā´), Cuba, July 1, 1898 | | Americans vs. Spaniards | The chief battle of the war in Cuba. |
| | Ellandun (el´lan-dön), England, 825 | | West Saxons vs. Mercians | The West Saxon Egbert becomes overlord of all the English. |
| | Evesham (ēvz´ham), England, August 4, 1265 | | Prince Edward vs. Simon Montfort | This defeat ended the war. Simon de Montfort fell. |
| | Eylau (ī´lau), Prussia, February 8, 1807 | * | Russians and Prussians vs. French | The bloodiest and most desperate battle of a century. |
| | Falkirk (fôl´kerk; Scot., fô´kerk), Scotland, July 22, 1298 | | English vs. Scotch | Edward I. utterly routed Wallace. |
| | Fehrbellin (fār-bel-lēn´), Brandenburg, June 18,1675 | | Brandenburgers vs. Swedes | The first great victory of Brandenburg, Prussia. |
| | Flodden (flod´n), England, September 9, 1513 | | English vs. Scots | The Scottish king perished, with the bravest of his nobility. |
| | Fontanet (fôn-tän-ā´), France, June 20, 841 | | Louis and Charles vs. Lothaire (Grandsons of Charlemagne) | Followed by the famous Partition of Verdun (843). |
| | Fontenoy[703] (fôn-t´-nwä´), Belgium, May 11, 1745 | | French vs. British, Dutch and Austrians | Last great victory of France under the Old Regime. |
| | Fornovo (for-no´vō), Italy, July 6, 1495 | | French vs. Italians | Charles VIII. enabled to continue his retreat following his conquest of Naples. |
| | Friedland (frēt´länt or frēd´länt), Prussia, June 14, 1807 | | French vs. Russians | This defeat induced the Czar to conclude the peace of Tilsit. |
| | Gettysburg (get´iz-bûrg), Pennsylvania, U. S. A., July1-3, 1863 | | Federals vs. Confederates | One of the bloodiest battles of the war, forcing Lee from northern soil. |
| | Gibraltar (ji-brâl´tär), Siege of, Spain,1779-1782 | | British vs. French and Spanish | The last formidable attack upon Gibraltar (British since 1704). |
| | Granada (grä-nä´dä; Sp. grä-nä´thä), Capitulation of, Spain, January 2, 1492 | | Spaniards vs. Moors | Completes the overthrow of the Moorish power in Spain. |
| | Granicus (grä-nī´kus) River, Asia Minor, B. C.334 | | Alexander the Great vs. Persians and Greek Mercenaries | Destroyed the only army opposed to Alexander in Asia Minor. |
| | Granson (gran-sôn´) Switzerland, March 2, 1476 | | Swiss vs. Burgundians | First of the three great victories of the Swiss over Charles the Bold. |
| | Gravelotte (gräv-lot´), Lorraine, August 18, 1870 | | Prussians vs. French | The first great victory of the Prussians in the war. |
| | Guinegate (gēn-gȧt´), France, August 16, 1513 | | English and Imperialists vs. French | Called the “Battle of the Spurs” from the French haste in flight. |
| | Haarlem (här´lem), Siege of, Holland, Dec. 9-July14, 1572-1573 | | Spaniards vs. Dutch | 30,000 Spaniards against 4,000 Dutch; 2,000 Dutch massacred. |
| | Halidon (hal´i-dn), Hill, England, July 19, 1333 | | Edward III. of England vs. Scots | Won by combination of archers and dismounted men-at-arms. |
| † | Hampton (hämp´tn) Roads, Virginia, U. S. A., March8, 1862 | | Monitor (Federal) vs. Merrimac (Confederate) | After this wooden ships give way to ironclads in naval warfare. |
| | Hastenbeck, Germany, July 26, 1757 | | French vs. Hanoverians | Followed by the convention of Closter-Zeven, which George II. repudiated. |
| | Hastings (hās´tingz), England, October 14, 1066 | | Normans vs. English | Harold fell; William the Conqueror became king of England. |
| | Heraclea (her-ȧ-klē´ȧ or -klī´ȧ), Italy, B. C. 280 | | King Pyrrhus vs. Romans | “One more such victory and I shall be ruined.”—Pyrrhus. |
| | Hexham (hek´sam), England, May 15, 1464 | | Yorkists vs. Lancastrians | The Lancastrian cause was completely crushed by this defeat. |
| | Himera (him´er-ȧ), Sicily, B. C. 480 | | Syracuse and Agrigentum vs. Carthaginians | Hamilcar slain. Carthaginians purchased peace for 2,000 talents. |
| | Himera, Siege of, Sicily, B. C. 409 | | Carthaginians vs. Sicilian Greeks | Town sacked and prisoners sacrificed to the shade of Hamilcar. |
| | Höchst (hûkst), Germany, June 20, 1622 | | Imperialists vs. Palatinate troops | Practically ends the Bohemian-Palatinate phase of the Thirty Years’ war. |
| | Hohenfriedburg (hō´ēn-frēd´-berg), Germany, June, 1745 | | Prussians vs. Austrians and Saxons | One of Frederick the Great’s victories; due partly to Austrian overconfidence. |
| | Hohenlinden (hō-en-lin´den), Bavaria, December 3, 1800 | | French vs. Austrians | The crowning event of the winter campaign; won by Moreau. |
| | Hohkirchen (hō´kirch-en), Germany, October 14, 1758 | | Austrians vs. Prussians | Frederick the Great, though surprised by a night attack, made good his retreat. |
| | Homildon (hom´l-dn), Hill, England, September 14, 1402 | | English vs. Scots | Another great victory due to the prowess of the English longbowmen. |
| | Hydaspes (hī-das´pēz) River, India, B. C.326 | | Greeks vs. Asiatics | The last important battle in the eastward advance of Alexander the Great. |
| | Inkermann (ing-ker-män´), Crimea, November 5, 1854 | | British and French vs. Russians | A series of hand-to-hand combats fought in a dense fog. |
| | Inverlochy (in-ver-lock´i), Scotland, February 2, 1645 | | Royalist Highlanders vs. Campbells and Lowland Covenanters | Power of the Campbells in the Highlands broken for many years. |
| | Ipsus (ip´sus), Asia Minor, B. C. 301 | | Seleucus vs. Antigonus | Chief battle between Alexander’s generals over the partition of his empire. |
| | Issus (is´us), Asia Minor, B. C. 333 | | Macedonians vs. Asiatics | Alexander’s brilliant victory over an immense horde of Persians. |
| | Ivry (ēv-rē´), France, March 14, 1590 | | Huguenots vs. Catholics | Henry IV. gained a complete victory and invested Paris, his capital. |
| | Jarnac (zhär-nak´), France, March 13, 1569 | | Catholics vs. Huguenots | Prince de Condé slain. |
| | Jemmapes (zhe-mäp´), Belgium, November 6, 1792 | | French vs. Austrians | Followed by annexation of the Austrian Netherlands to France. |
| | Jena (yā´nä), Germany, October 14, 1806 | | French vs. Prussians | Napoleon advanced thence to Berlin and issued the decree for a continental blockade. |
| | Jerusalem (jē-rōō´sȧ-lem) Siege of,Syria, 70 | | Jews vs. Romans | Titus destroyed the city and massacred or sold into slavery its inhabitants. |
| | Jerusalem, Storm of, Syria, July 15, 1099 | | Crusaders vs. Moslems | A terrible massacre; feudal kingdom established under Godfrey of Bouillon. |
| † | Jutland, Baltic Sea, May 31, 1916 | | Germans vs. British | British admitted the loss of six large cruisers and destroyers, the Germans a battleship, a cruiser, four lightcruisers and five destroyers. The loss of life totaled 9,500 and the battle ended with the withdrawal of the German fleet. |
| | Kappel (käp´pel), Switzerland, October 11, 1531 | | Swiss Catholic Cantons vs. Zurichers | Zwingli, the Swiss Protestant reformer, fell in this battle. |
| | Kars (kärs), Storm of, Armenia, November 17-18, 1877 | | Russians vs. Turks | Russian success caused angry negotiations between England and Russia. |
| | Katzbach (käts´baK), Germany,August 26, 1813 | | Prussians vs. French | A decisive victory of Blücher over one of Napoleon’s marshals. |
| | Khartoum (kär-töm´), Siege of, Soudan, March12-January 26, 1884-1885 | | Mahdi vs. Gordon | “Chinese” Gordon killed; the Soudan evacuated by the Anglo-Egyptian government. |
| | Killiecrankie[704](kil-i-krang´ki), Scotland, July 17, 1689 | | Highland Jacobites vs. Royalists | The Jacobite victory was nullified by the fall of their leader, Dundee. |
| | Kimberley (kim´ber-li), Siege of, South Africa, October15, 1899 to February 15, 1900 | | British vs. Boers | The brilliant defense of Kimberley was a notable feature of the war. |
| | Kin-chau (kin-chow´), Manchuria, May 26, 1904 | | Japanese vs. Russians | General Oku opened the way for the land investment of Port Arthur. |
| | Koniggrätz (kû´nich-gräts´), (or Sadowa), Germany, July 3, 1866 | | Prussians vs. Austrians | This victory gave the supremacy in Germany to Prussia, unity to North Germany. |
| | Kolin (kō-lēn´), Bohemia, June 18, 1757 | | Austrians vs. Prussians | Following this defeat, Frederick the Great evacuated Bohemia. |
| | Kossova (kos´ō-vō), Servia, June 15, 1389 | | Turks vs. Christian Slavs | A battle famed in the history, legend and literature of Servia. |
| | Kossova, Servia, October 17-19, 1448 | | Turks vs. Christians | The hero, John Hunyady, overcome at the cost of 40,000 Turkish lives. |
| | Kotzim (cho-tem´), Russia, November 11, 1673 | | Poles vs. Turks | John Sobieski, by sheer personal ascendency, stems tide of Turkish advance. |
| | Kulm (kōōlm), Germany, August 29-30, 1813 | | Austrians, Russians and Prussians vs. Napoleon | 7,000 French capitulate; “The Caudine Forks of modern war.” Conduces to the defeat at Leipzig. |
| | Kunersdorf (kōō´ners-dorf), Germany, August 12,1759 | | Austrians and Russians vs. Prussians | Inactivity of the allies saved Frederick the Great from annihilation. |
| † | Lade (lā´dē), Asia Minor, B. C. 494 | | Persians vs. Ionian Greeks | This defeat put an end to the Ionian revolt. |
| | Ladysmith (lā´di-smith), Siege of, South Africa,November 2, 1899 to February, 1900 | | British vs. Boers | Like the siege of Kimberley, a notable incident of the war. |
| † | La Hogue (lä hōg), Northwestern France, May 10-20, 1692 | | English and Dutch vs. French | Overthrew the hopes of James II. of recovering his throne. |
| † | Lake Erie, Lake Erie, September 10, 1813 | | Americans vs. British | “We have met the enemy and they are ours.”—Perry. |
| † | La Rochelle (lä rō-shel´), France, June 22-23, 1372 | | French and Spaniards vs. English | Control of the sea passes for a time to the side of the French. |
| | La Rochelle, Siege of, France, November 1, 1627 to October 28, 1628 | | Richelieu vs. Huguenots and English | Huguenots no longer an armed political party but a tolerated sect. |
| | Lechfeld (lech´feld), Germany, August 10, 955 | | Otto I. vs. Hungarians | A crushing defeat inflicted on the waning power of the Hungarians. |
| | Lech (lech), the river, Germany, April 15, 1632 | | Gustavus Adolphus vs. German Catholic League | Tilly mortally wounded. |
| | Legnano (len-yä´nō), Italy, May 29, 1176 | | Lombard League vs. Frederick Barbarossa | In the peace of Constance (1183), Frederick renounced all regal privileges over the cities. |
| | Leipzig (līp´sik), Saxony, September 17, 1631 | | Swedes and Saxons vs. Catholic Imperialists | Brilliant victory of Gustavus Adolphus saves Protestant cause. |
| | Leipzig, Saxony, October 16, 18-19, 1813 | | Allies vs. Napoleon | This disaster lost Germany to Napoleon. |
| | Le Mans (le mon´), France, January 6-12, 1871 | | Prussians vs. French | French army almost annihilated. |
| † | Lepanto (le-pan´tō), Gulf of Corinth, October 7, 1751 | | Don John of Austria vs. Turks | One of the most splendid naval victories ever achieved. |
| | Leuctura (lūk´tra), Greece, B. C. 371 | | Thebans vs. Spartans | Epaminondas’ overthrow of Sparta gives Thebes the hegemony in Greece. |
| | Leuthen (loi´ten), Germany, December 5, 1757 | | Prussians vs. Austrians | This battle “would alone make Frederick immortal and rank him among the greatestgenerals.”—Napoleon. |
| | Lewes (lū´is), England, May 14, 1264 | | Simon de Montfort vs. Henry III. and Prince Edward | Simon de Montfort’s victory followed by Parliament, the first to which borough representatives were called(1265). |
| | Leyden (lī´den), Siege of, Holland, May 26 toOctober 3, 1574 | | Dutch vs. Spaniards | Prince of Orange cut the dikes to bring the fleet to the relief of the city. |
| | Liegnitz (lēch´nits), Germany, August 15, 1760 | | Prussians vs. Austrians | Frederick prevented the union of the Austrians and Russians. |
| | Ligny (lēn-yē´), Belgium, June 16, 1815 | | Napoleon vs. Blücher | Napoleon’s last victory; Blücher joined Wellington at Waterloo on the 18th. |
| | Lille (lēl), Siege of, France, August 12 to October 22, 1708 | | Imperialists vs. French | France now lay open to the advance of the allies. |
| | Lilybæum (lil-i-bē´um), Siege of, Sicily,B. C. 250-241 | | Carthaginian vs. Romans | One of the most protracted sieges in history, surrendered only with Sicily at close of war. |
| | Linkoping (lēn´chû-ping), Sweden, September 25,1598 | | Swedes vs. Poles under King Sigismund | Led to perpetual hostility between Sweden and Poland in seventeenth century. |
| † | Lissa (lis´a), Adriatic, July 20, 1866 | | Austrians vs. Italians | The only battle between ironclads fought in European waters. |
| | Lobositz (lō´bō-zits), Bohemia, October 1, 1756 | * | Prussians vs. Austrians | 18,000 Saxons besieged at Pirna were now forced into the Prussian army. |
| | Lodi (lō´dē), Bridge of, Italy, May 10, 1796 | | Napoleon Bonaparte vs. Austrians | This success gave the whole of Lombardy to the French. |
| | Loigny-Poupry (lwän-ye´ poo-pree´), France, December 2, 1870 | | Prussians vs. French | Prevented the French from relieving Orleans. |
| | Louisburg (lö´ē-berg), Siege of, Canada, June8 to July 27, 1758 | | British vs. French | Destruction of one of the strongest fortresses in North America. |
| | Lucknow (luk´nou), Siege of, India, March 19, 1857 toJuly 1, 1858 | | British vs. Sepoy mutineers | The turning of the tide; next year the mutiny was totally quelled. |
| | Lutter (löt´ter), Germany, August 26, 1626 | | Catholics and Imperialists vs. Danes and Protestant Germans | Christian of Denmark, severely defeated, retires into Holstein and Mecklenburg. |
| | Lützen (lüt´sen), Saxony, November 16, 1632 | | Swedes and Protestant Germans vs. Catholics and Imperialists | Gustavus Adolphus slain in winning his third great victory. |
| | Lützen,[705] Saxony, May 2,1813 | | Napoleon vs. Allies | The first battle in the great German War of Liberation. |
| | Luzzara (löt-sä´rä), Italy, August 15, 1702 | * | French vs. Imperialists | Followed by French ascendency in Italy until 1706. |
| | Macalo (mäk-ä´lo), Italy, October 11, 1427 | | Venice vs. Milan | Carmagnola gained a brilliant victory over the famous condottieri, Sforza, Piccinino and Malatesta. |
| | Madras (mä-dras´), Siege of, India, Dec. 12, 1758 toFeb. 16, 1759 | | English vs. French | Failure to take Madras was a great blow to French power in India. |
| | Maestricht (mäs´tricht), Siege of, Belgium, March 12to June 29, 1579 | | Spaniards vs. Netherlanders | Inhabitants and garrison massacred. |
| | Mafeking (maf´e-king), Siege of, South Africa, Oct., 1899to May 17, 1900 | | British vs. Boers | Baden Powell’s resistance aroused world-wide enthusiasm. |
| | Magdeburg (mäg´de-bŏŏrch), Storm of,Germany, May 20, 1631 | | Catholics and Imperialists vs. inhabitants | The sack of Magdeburg is one of the darkest spots on the pages of history. |
| | Magenta (mä-jen´tä), Italy, June 4, 1859 | | French and Piedmontese vs. Austrians | Napoleon III. and Victor Emmanuel entered Milan. |
| | Magnesia (mag-nē´shȧ), Asia Minor, B. C. 190 | | Romans vs. Antiochus the Great | The kingdom of the Seleucidæ dismembered. |
| | Malaga (mä´lä-gä), Spain, May 8 to August 18,1487 | | Spaniards vs. Moors | The inhabitants were sold into slavery. |
| † | Malaga, Spain, August 24, 1704 | * | English and Dutch vs. French | French fleet prevented from uniting with Spanish which was besieging Gibraltar. |
| | Malakoff (mä-lä´kof), Storm of, Crimea,September 8, 1855 | | French vs. Russians | Loss of this and other earthworks led that night to the evacuation of Sebastopol. |
| | Malo-Jaroslavitz (mä´lō yä-rō-slä´vets), Russia, October 24, 1812 | * | Russians vs. French | Napoleon was obliged to abandon southerly line of retreat from Moscow. |
| | Malplaquet (mȧl-plȧ-kā´), France, September 11,1709 | | British and Imperialists vs. French | Bloodiest battle of this war; “carnage, not a battle.” |
| † | Manila (mȧ-nil´ȧ) Bay, Philippines, May 1,1898 | | Americans vs. Spaniards | Admiral Dewey totally destroyed the Spanish fleet. |
| | Mansurah (män-sōō´rä), Egypt, April 8,1250 | * | French Crusaders vs. Saracens | The last of the great pitched battles of the crusaders. Shortly after Louis IX. was captured and ruinouslyransomed. |
| | Mantineia (man-ti-nē´ȧ), Greece, B. C. 418 | | Spartans vs. Athenians and Argives | The Spartans regained their supremacy in Peloponnesus. |
| | Mantineia, Greece, B. C. 362 | | Thebans vs. Spartans | The death of Epaminondas in this battle ends Theban supremacy. |
| | Mantua (man´tū-ȧ), Siege of, Italy, June, 1796,to February 2, 1797 | | French vs. Austrians | The close of Napoleon’s marvelous first Italian campaign. |
| | Marathon (mär´ȧ-thon), Greece, B. C. 490 | | Athenians and Plataeans vs. Persians | Miltiades’ victory causes Persians to abandon their first expedition against Greece. |
| | Mardia (mär´di-ä), Thrace, 315 | | Licinius vs. Constantine the Great | Licinius lost all his European territory except Thrace. |
| | Marengo (mä-reng´gō), Italy, June 14, 1800 | | French vs. Austrians | Won for Napoleon largely by General Desaix. |
| | Marignano (ma-rēn-yä´nō), Italy, September 13,14, 1515 | | French vs. Swiss | Francis I. reconquered Milan by this brilliant victory. |
| | Marne (märn), a river in France, September 5-7, 1914 | | Allies vs. Germans | Germans forced to retreat and capture of Paris averted. |
| | Marsaglia (mär-säl´yä), Italy, October 4, 1693 | | French vs. Duke of Savoy | French infantry with bayonets charged the cavalry, a new maneuver. |
| | Marston Moor, England, July 2, 1644 | | Parliamentarians vs. Royalists | This victory, due to Cromwell’s Ironsides, gave the north to parliament. |
| | Maserfield (mä´ser-feld), England, 642 | | Mercians vs. Northumbrians | Mercia becomes a competitor with Northumbria for English hegemony. |
| | Maxen (mäks´en), Germany, November 20, 1759 | | Austrians vs. Prussians | The capitulation of Finck with 12,000 Prussian soldiers disastrous to Frederick. |
| | Maypu (mä´pö), Chili, April 5, 1818 | | Chilians vs. Spaniards | Established the independence of Chili. |
| | Medellin (mā-tnel-yēn´), Spain, March 28, 1809 | | French vs. Spaniards | Spaniards mercilessly sabered in the pursuit, losing 18,000. |
| | Megalopolis (meg-ȧ-lop´ō-lis), Greece, B. C. 331 | | Macedonians vs. Spartans | Antipater, in absence of Alexander, puts down revolted Spartans in a bloody battle. |
| | Mentana (men-tä´nä), Italy, November 3, 1867 | | Garibaldians vs. French and Papal troops | Garibaldians routed after defeating papal forces. |
| † | Messina (mes-sē´nä), Sicily, September 28, 1282 | | Sicilians and Aragonese vs. French | Charles of Anjou evacuated Sicily, which his descendants never recovered. |
| | Metaurus (mā-tau´rus), Italy, B. C. 207 | | Romans vs. Carthaginians | Italy saved by preventing the junction of Hasdrubal with Hannibal. |
| | Metz (mets), Siege of, Lorraine, August 19 to October 27, 1870 | | Prussians vs. French | The release of the besieging army for service elsewhere was fatal to the French cause. |
| | Milazzo (mē-lät´sō), Sicily, July 20, 1860 | | Garibaldians vs. Neapolitans | This completes the expulsion of the Neapolitans from Sicily. |
| | Minden (min´den), Prussia, August 1, 1759 | | English, Hessians and Hanoverians vs. French | The French were decisively beaten and driven from Hesse. |
| | Miraflores (mē-rä-flō´res), Argentina, January 13and 15, 1883 | | Chilians vs. Peruvians | Practically ended the war of the Pacific (1879-1884) between Chili, and Bolivia and Peru. |
| | Missolonghi (mis-ō-long´gē), Siege of, Greece,April 27, 1825 to April 22-23, 1826 | | Turks vs. Greeks | Greek heroism excited sympathy throughout Europe. (Byron died here, 1824.) |
| | Mitylene (mit-i-lē´nē), Siege of, Lesbos, B. C.428-427 | | Athenians vs. Revolted inhabitants | Prisoners killed, walls pulled down, fleet forfeited, annual tribute imposed. |
| | Modder[706] (mod´er) River, South Africa, November 28, 1899 | | British vs. Boers | Lord Methuen drives Cronje from his intrenchments after a fierce fight. |
| | Mohacs (mō´häch), Hungary, August 29, 1526 | | Turks vs. Hungarians | “Never was a single battle so disastrous to a people.” |
| | Mollwitz (mōl´vitz), Germany, April 10, 1741 | | Prussians vs. Austrians | Frederick’s victory forces Europe to recognize in Prussia a new power. |
| | Montaperti (mon-tä-per´tē), Italy, September 4,1260 | | Florentine Ghibellines, Siennese vs. Guelphs of Florence | Secured the triumph of the Ghibellines over all Tuscany. |
| | Monterey (mon-te-rā´), Mexico, September 21-23, 1846 | | Americans vs. Mexicans | Followed by the occupation of the whole of northern Mexico. |
| | Montreal (mont-ri-ôl´), Canada, September 8, 1760 | | British vs. French | Completes the British conquest of Canada from France. |
| | Mook (mōk), Holland, April 14, 1574 | | Spaniards vs. Dutch | The battle terminated in a horrible butchery of the patriot army. |
| | Morgarten (mōr´gār-ten), Switzerland, November 15,1315 | | Swiss vs. Austrians | The first battle fought for Swiss independence. |
| | Mortimer’s (môr´ti-mer) Cross, England,February 2, 1461 | | Yorkists vs. Lancastrians | The Yorkist prince advanced to London and was proclaimed king as Edward IV. |
| | Mukden (mŏŏk-den´), Manchuria, February 24 to March10, 1905 | | Japanese vs. Russians | Release of Japanese from before Port Arthur enables Oyama to crush Kuropatkin. |
| | Mühlberg (mül´berg), Saxony, April 24, 1547 | | Charles V. and Prince Maurice vs. Saxony and Hesse | Maurice in 1552 retrieves his treason to Protestantism by driving Charles V. from Germany. |
| | Muhldorf (mül´dorf), Bavaria, September 28, 1322 | | Louis of Bavaria vs. Frederick of Austria | The disputed imperial election, over which this battle was fought, began a new struggle between empire andpapacy. |
| | Munda (mun´dä), Spain, B. C. 45 | | Julius Cæsar vs. Pompeians | Cæsar’s last battle; it put an end to armed resistance. |
| | Muret (mü-rā´), France, September 12, 1213 | | Crusaders vs. Albigenses and Aragonese | Practically ends the Albigensian crusade; Toulousean territories pass ultimately to the French crown. |
| | Mycale (mik´ȧ-lē), Asia Minor, B. C. 479 | | Greeks vs. Persians | This battle and that of Platæa end the Persian wars against Greece. |
| † | Mylæ (mī´lē), Sicily, B. C. 260 | | Romans vs. Carthaginians | First naval victory of Romans; due to boarding bridges. |
| | Näfels (nā´fels), Switzerland, April 9, 1388 | | Swiss vs. Austrians | Hapsburgs renounced all feudal claims over the Swiss cantons (1389). |
| | Nancy (nän-sē´), Lorraine, January 5, 1477 | | Swiss vs. Charles the Bold | Charles was slain, leaving his motley territories a prey to neighboring princes. |
| | Narva (när´vä), Russia, November 30, 1700 | | Swedes vs. Russians | Charles XII. won a brilliant victory over the much larger army of Peter the Great. |
| | Naseby (näz´bi), England, June 14, 1645 | | Parliamentarians vs. Royalists | Complete defeat of Charles I., followed by the general ruin of his cause. |
| † | Naupactus (nô-pak´tus), Gulf of Corinth, B. C. 429 | | Athenians vs. Peloponnesians | Victory wrested from defeat by the genius of Phormio, the Athenian commander. |
| † | Navarino (nā-vā-rē´nō), Greece, October20, 1827 | | English, French and Russians vs. Turks | Destruction of Turkish naval power; Ibrahim retreats from Morea. |
| | Navas de Tolosa (nā´väs dā-tō-lō´sä), Spain, July 16, 1212 | | Spaniards vs. Moors | Secured forever the preponderance of Christianity in Spain. |
| | Neerwinden (nār´vin-den), Belgium, July 24, 1693 | | French vs. English | The French won a brilliant but barren victory over William III. |
| | Neville’s (nev´ilz) Cross, England, October 17,1346 | | English vs. Scots | Scots crushed at home, while Edward III. was winning Crécy. |
| | New Orleans (ôr´li-anz), Louisiana, U. S. A., January 8,1815 | | Americans vs. British | Owing to slowness of communication, Jackson fought this battle after peace had been made. |
| | Nicæa (nī-sē´ȧ), Siege of, AsiaMinor, 1097 | | Crusaders vs. Turks | First conquest of crusaders in the East. |
| | Nicopolis (ni-kop´ō-lis), Asia Minor, B. C. 66 | | Pompey vs. Mithradates | Mithridates’ last fight against the legions of Rome. |
| | Nördlingen (nerd´ling-en), Bavaria, September 6, 1634 | | Catholics and Imperialists vs. Swedes and German Protestants | One of the most bloody and decisive battles of the war; followed by the peace of Prague. |
| | Northampton (nôrth-amp´tn), England, July 10, 1460 | | Yorkists vs. Lancastrians | Capture of Henry VI.; flight of Queen Margaret and her son to Scotland. |
| | Numantia (nū-man´shi-ȧ), Siege of, Spain,B. C. 142-133 | | Romans vs. Celtiberian tribes | City razed by Scipio Æmilianus and its inhabitants sold as slaves. |
| | Obligado (ōb-lē-gä´thō), Bombardmentof, Argentina, Nov. 28, 1845 | | British and French vs. Argentines | Over the opening the waters of the Parana to the shipping of all nations. |
| | Olmutz (ol´müts), Siege of, Moravia, May 27 to July1, 1758 | | Austrians vs. Prussians | General Daun forced Frederick the Great to raise the siege and retire. |
| | Orleans (or-lā-än´); Eng. (ôr´li-anz), Siege of, France, October 13, 1428, to May 8, 1429 | | French vs. English | Joan of Arc saves France by driving back English and crowns Charles VII. at Rheims. |
| | Ostend (ost-end´), Siege of, Belgium, July, 1601 toSeptember, 1604 | | Spaniards vs. Dutch garrison and inhabitants | Scarcely a house in the town left standing; Spaniards lost 70,000. |
| | Ostrolenka (os-tro-leng´kä), Poland, May 26, 1831 | | Russians vs. Poles | Poland becomes a province of the Russian Empire (1832). |
| | Otterburn (ot´er-bûrn), England, August 10, 1388 | | Scots vs. English | The ballad of Chevy Chase deals with this battle. |
| | Otumba (ō-töm´bä), Mexico, July 8, 1520 | | Cortez vs. Aztecs | Two hundred Spanish horsemen rout an immense army and make good their retreat. |
| | Oudenarde (ou-de-när´de), Belgium, July 11, 1708 | | English and Imperialists vs. French | One of the great victories of Marlborough and Prince Eugene over Louis XIV. |
| | Palmyra (pal-mī´rȧ), Siege of, Syria,272-273 | | Roman vs. Queen Zenobia | Palmyra destroyed and Zenobia taken captive to Rome. |
| | Palo Alto[707] (pä´lō-äl´tō), Mexico, May 8, 1846 | | Americans vs. Mexicans | Mexicans completely routed at small cost to the victors. |
| | Panormus (pa-nôr´mus), Sicily, B. C. 251 | | Romans vs. Carthaginians | Brilliant victory restored confidence to Romans; demonstrated value of elephants in warfare. |
| | Paris (par´is), Siege of, France, Sept. 19, 1870 toJan. 28, 1871 | | Prussians vs. French | City reduced to desperate conditions through bombardment, famine and disease. |
| | Pavia (pä-vē´ä), Italy, 1525 | | Emperor Charles V. vs. Francis I. of France | The capture of Francis was followed by the peace of Madrid, which, however, was soon repudiated. |
| | Pharsalus (fär-sā´lus), Greece, B. C. 48 | | Cæsar vs. Pompey | The West and the new monarchy completely triumphed over the East and the old republic. |
| | Philippi (fi-lip´ī), Thrace, B. C. 42 | | Antony and Octavius vs. Brutus and Cassius | Cassius and Brutus committed suicide following their defeat. |
| | Pinkie (ping´ki), Scotland, September 10, 1547 | | English vs. Scots | Scots thrown into the arms of France and the little queen, Mary, married to the dauphin. |
| | Plassey (pläs´ē), India, June 23, 1757 | | English vs. Bengalese | Established English control in Bengal and ultimately in all India. |
| | Platæa (pla-tē´ȧ), Greece, B. C. 479 | | Greeks vs. Persians | Won by the discipline and prowess of the Spartan hoplites. |
| | Plevna (plev´nä), Siege of, Bulgaria, July 16 toDecember 10, 1877 | | Russians vs. Turks | Brilliant defense by Osman Pasha, who surrendered only after four desperate battles. |
| | Poitiers (pwȧ-tyā´), France, September 19, 1356 | | English vs. French | Brilliant victory by the Black Prince over five times his numbers. |
| | Pollentia (po-len´shi-ä), Italy, April 6, 402 | | Romans vs. Visigoths | Alaric, attacked by Stilicho on Easter Sunday, was driven out of Italy. |
| | Pondicherry (pon-di-sher´i), Siege of, India, Aug., 1760to Jan., 18, 1761 | | English vs. French | Destroyed French power in India. |
| | Port Arthur, Siege of, Manchuria, Feb. 8, 1904 to Jan. 1, 1905 | | Japanese vs. Russians | Port Arthur, the Sea of Japan and Mukden were turning points in the war. |
| † | Portland, English Channel, February 18-20, 1653 | | English vs. Dutch | This battle completely restored to England the lordship of the seas. |
| | Potidæa (pot-i-dē´ȧ), Siege of, Thrace,B. C. 432, September 430 | | Athenians vs. Potidæans and Corinthians | Inhabitants and foreign soldiers were allowed to leave the city, which Athens then colonized. |
| | Prague (prāg), (White Hill), Bohemia, November 8, 1620 | | Catholic League vs. Frederick V. and Bohemian rebels | Frederick proved but a “Winter King” of Bohemia. |
| | Preston (pres´tun), England, August 17-19, 1648 | | Cromwellians vs. Scottish Royalists | This second civil war determined the army to put Charles I. to death. |
| | Pultava (pōl´tä-vä), Russia, July 8, 1709 | | Russians vs. Swedes | Russia takes the place of Sweden as the leading power of the North. |
| | Pydna (pid´nä), Macedonia, B. C. 168 | | Romans vs. Macedonians | Brilliant triumphs of Paulus Æmilius over the phalanxes of King Perseus. |
| | Pyramids, Egypt, July 21, 1798 | | French vs. Mamelukes | The crowning victory of Napoleon in Egypt. |
| | Pyrenees (pir´a-nēz), Battles of, Spain, July 25 toAugust 1, 1813 | | British and Spaniards vs. French | Followed by the fall of San Sebastian and Pampeluna, and expulsion of French from Spain. |
| | Quatre Bras (kātr-brä´), Belgium, June 16, 1815 | | British and Allies vs. French | The allied success here was rendered fruitless by the Prussian reverse at Ligny. |
| | Quebec (kwē-bek´; locally often ki-bek´), Siege of, Canada, June to September 18, 1759 | | British vs. French | Wolfe was slain and Montcalm mortally wounded in the battle of the Plains of Abraham (September 13). |
| † | Quiberon (kē-brôn), Bay, France, November 20, 1759 | | British vs. French | Hawke, with a loss of forty men, captured, burned, or drove on shore most of the French vessels. |
| | Ramillies (rȧ-mē-yē´), Belgium, May 23, 1706 | | English and Allies vs. French | Followed by French evacuation of the chief towns of the Netherlands. |
| | Rhe (rā), Siege of, France, July 20 to November 8, 1627 | | French vs. English | An attempt of Buckingham to prevent the reduction of the Huguenot stronghold of La Rochelle. |
| | Rhodes (rōdz), or Rhodos (rō´dos),Siege of, Mediterranean, July 28-December 26, 1522 | | Turks vs. Knights of Rhodes | Following the loss of Rhodes the Knights (Hospitallers) retired to Malta. |
| | Rieti (ri-ā´tē), Italy, March 7, 1821 | | Austrians vs. Neopolitan rebels | The defeat of General Pepe enabled Austria to restore the absolute monarchy. |
| | Rivoli (rē´vō-lē), Italy, January 14-15, 1797 | | French vs. Austrians | Napoleon’s victory, followed by surrender of Mantua, completed the conquest of Lombardy. |
| | Rocrol (rō-krwä´), France, May 19, 1643 | | French vs. Spaniards | This victory, won by Condé, made France the first military power of Europe. |
| | Rome, Sack of, Italy, B. C. 390 | | Gauls | Following the battle of the Allia, the Gauls plundered and destroyed city. |
| | Rome, Sieges of, Italy, 408, 409, 410 | | Visigoths vs. Romans | Following the third siege, Alaric sacked city. |
| | Rome, Sack of, Italy, 455 | | Vandals | For fourteen days Genseric’s Vandals plundered Rome. |
| | Rome, Storm of, Italy, May 6, 1527 | | Mutinous Army of Charles V. vs. Papal troops | Marks the end of the artistic, pleasure-loving Rome of the Renaissance. |
| | Rome, Siege of, Italy, June 4 to July 3, 1849 | | French and Papalists vs. Roman Republicans | The republic, founded by Mazzini, overthrown and Pope Pius IX. restored. |
| | Roncesvalles (rōn-thes-väl´yes), Spain, 778 | | Basques vs. Franks | Death of Charlemagne’s paladin, Roland (Chanson de Roland). |
| | Roosebek[708] (rös´bek), Flanders, November 27, 1382 | | French vs. Flemings | A great triumph for the nobles against the cities. |
| | Rossbach (ros´bak), Saxony, November 5, 1757 | | Prussians vs. French and Austrians | Makes Frederick the Great a national hero of Germany. |
| | Rouen (rŏŏ-än´), Siege of, France, June,1418 to Jan, 1419 | | English vs. French | Because of its desperate resistance, Henry V. granted the city honorable capitulation. |
| | Sacriportis (sak-ri-pōr´tus), Italy, B. C. 82 | | Optimates vs. Democrates | Followed by Sulla’s reign of terror. |
| | Saguntum (sa-gun´tum), Siege of, Spain, B. C. 219 | | Carthaginians vs. Inhabitants | Capture of this city by Hannibal the chief cause of the second Punic war. |
| | St. Albans (sānt ôl´banz), England, May 22, 1455 | | Yorkists vs. Lancastrians | The first battle of the wars of the Roses; Yorkists defeated here in a second battle (1460). |
| | Salamanca (sal-ȧ-mang´kȧ), Spain, July 22, 1812 | | British vs. French | This rout of the French lost them all southern Spain. |
| † | Salamis (sal´ȧ-mis), Greece, September 20, B. C. 480 | | Greeks vs. Persians | Themistocles’ great victory followed by Xerxes’ withdrawal to Asia. |
| | San Jacinto (san jȧ-sin´tō), Texas, U. S. A., April 2,1836 | | Texan Rebels vs. Mexicans | Santa Anna captured by General Houston. |
| † | Santiago (sän-tē-ä´gō), Cuba, July 3,1898 | | Americans vs. Spaniards | Fleet of Admiral Cervera totally destroyed. |
| | Saragossa (sä-rä-gos´ȧ), Siege of, Spain,Dec., 1808 to Feb. 21, 1809 | | British vs. French | An important success which broke the spell of French invincibility. |
| | Saratoga (sar-a-tō´gä), New York, U. S. A., October 7,1777 | | Americans vs. British | Followed (October 17) by the surrender of Burgoyne, which was the turning point of the war. |
| † | Sea of Japan, Sea of Japan, May 27-29, 1905 | | Japanese vs. Russians | Russia’s naval power destroyed. |
| | Sebastopol (se-bȧs´tō-pōl), Siege of,Crimea, September 26, 1854, 59 September 9, 1855 | | French, British and Sardinians vs. Russians | Brought to a close the active operations of Crimean war. |
| | Sedan (sē-dan´), France, September 1, 1870 | | Prussians vs. French | Followed by the surrender of Napoleon III. with an army of 84,000 men. |
| | Shipka (ship´kȧ), Pass, Bulgaria, August 20-23,1877 | | Russians vs. Turks | Russians hold this strategic position against blindfold violence of the Turks. |
| | Sempach (zem´päK), Switzerland,July 9, 1386 | | Swiss vs. Austrians | Celebrated for the heroic devotion of Arnold von Winkelried. |
| | Sentinum (sen-tī´num), Italy, B. C. 295 | | Romans vs. Samnites and Gauls | Failure of the coalition to crush Rome from the north. |
| | Seringapatam (ser-ing´ga-pa-tam´), Siege of, India, April 24, to May 4, 1799 | | British vs. Tippoo Sahib | With Bonaparte’s failure in Egypt, this battle foils French designs on India. |
| | Shiloh (shī´lō), Tennessee, U. S. A., April 6 and 7,1862 | | Federals vs. Confederates | Defeated in the first day’s fighting, Grant turned the tables the next day. |
| | Shrewsbury (shrŏŏz´ber-i), England, July 21, 1403 | | Henry IV. vs. Percies | Hotspur defeated and slain. |
| | Silistria (si-lis´tri-ȧ), Siege of, Bulgaria, March28 to June 22, 1854 | | Turks vs. Russians | A brilliant defense conducted by the Turks under three English officers. |
| † | Sinope (si-nō´pē), Black Sea, November 30, 1853 | | Russians vs. Turks | Turkish fleet destroyed and crews massacred. |
| | Slivnitza (slēv-nēt´sä), Bulgaria, November 17,18, 19, 1885 | | Bulgarians vs. Servians | The decisive action in the Servo-Bulgarian war. |
| † | Sluys (slois), Flanders, June 22, 1340 | | English vs. French | Gave English control of the sea for thirty years, enabling them to land troops in France at will. |
| | Smolensk (smol-yensk´), Russia, August 17-18, 1812 | | French vs. Russians | First stand of the retreating Russians before Napoleon’s advance on Moscow. |
| | Soissons (swä-sôn´), France, 486 | | Franks vs. Romans under Syagrius | The first military exploit of Clovis. |
| | Solferino (sōl-fā-rē´nō), Italy, June 24,1859 | | French and Piedmontese vs. Austrians | The horrors of this battle and Prussia’s threatening attitude caused Napoleon III. to make peace. |
| | Somme (som), a river in northern France, July 1 to Sept. 15, 1916 | * | Germans vs. Allies | During this period the Germans were enduring terrific attacks from the Allies, but lost little ground. |
| † | Southwold (south´wōld) Bay, North Sea, May 28,1672 | | English and French vs. Dutch | A victory gained by the duke of York over De Ruyter’s superior numbers. |
| | Sphacteria (sfak-tē´ri-ä), Greece, B. C. 425 | | Athenians vs. Spartans | To the amazement of the Greek world, 292 Spartan hoplites surrendered. |
| | Spicheren (spich´er-en), Palatinate, August 6, 1870 | | Prussians vs. French | Reveals great superiority of Prussians from the outset of the war. |
| | Stamford (stam´ferd) Bridge, England, September 25,1066 | | English vs. Danes | This diversion of Harold to the North left William to land in England undisturbed. |
| | Standard, Battle of the (or Northallerton), England, August 22, 1138 | | English vs. Scots | For 200 years saved Yorkshire from Scottish invasion. |
| | Steenkerke (stān´kerk´e),Netherlands, July 24, 1692 | | French vs. English and Allies | Five English regiments utterly cut to pieces. |
| | Sterling, Scotland, 1297 | | Scots vs. English | Before the end of the year all Scotland threw off the English yoke. |
| | Stralsund (shträl´zŏŏnt), Siege of,Germany, March, August 3, 1628 | | Protestant Inhabitants vs. Catholic Imperialists | Wallenstein fails to secure this important Baltic port. |
| | Syracuse (sir´a-kūs), Siege of, Sicily, B. C.415-413 | | Syracusans and Spartans vs. Athenians | The weakening of Athenian resources in this siege was the final cause of their failure in the Peloponnesian war. |
| | Syracuse, Siege of,[709] Sicily,B. C. 387 | | Greeks vs. Carthaginians | The Syracusan tyrant, Dionysius, connives at the escape of the Carthaginian Himilco. |
| | Syracuse, Siege of, Sicily, B. C. 214-212 | | Romans vs. Carthaginians and Syracusans | Syracuse captured and plundered by the Romans. |
| | Talavera (tä-lä-vā´rä), Spain, July 28,1809 | | British and Spaniards vs. French | After this first great pitched battle in the Peninsular campaign Wellesley became commander-in-chief of all theEnglish troops. |
| | Tanagra (tan´ȧ-grȧ), Greece, B. C. 457 | | Spartans and Bœotians vs. Athenians | The Spartans failing to follow up their victory, Athens conquered Bœotia the following year. |
| | Tarentum (tȧ-ren´tum), Siege of, Italy, B. C.274-272 | | Romans vs. Tarentines and Epirots | Tarentum, deprived of her army, her ships and her walls, retained the right of local self-government. |
| | Tauss (tous), Bohemia, August 14, 1431 | | Bohemian Hussites vs. Catholic Imperialists | At Procop’s approach the Imperialists fled in confusion; this was the last effort to crush the Hussites byforce of arms. |
| | Telamon (tel´ȧ-mon), Italy, B. C. 225 | | Romans vs. Gauls | The annihilation of the Gallic army was followed by the Roman invasion and conquest of Cisalpine Gaul. |
| | Tel-el-Kebir (tel´el-kā-bēr´), Egypt, September 13, 1882 | | British vs. Egyptian Rebels | Arabi Pasha’s army completely broken up; the British entered Cairo the next day. |
| | Temesvar (tem´esh-vär), Hungary, August 9, 1849 | | Austrians vs. Hungarians | The last stand made by the Hungarians in the war; their army was totally routed and dispersed. |
| | Testry (tes-trē´), France, 687 | | Austrasians vs. Neustrians | Pippin of Heristal, mayor of the palace, unites the Frankish territories under one rule. |
| | Tewkesbury (tūks´ber-i), England, May 4, 1471 | | Yorkists vs. Lancastrians | Ends armed opposition to Edward IV.; Margaret of Anjou was captured and her son slain. |
| † | Texel (tek´sel), North Sea, June 2, 3, 1653 | | British vs. Dutch | The command of the sea fell into the hands of the English fleet. |
| | Thapsus (thap´sus), North Africa, February 6, B. C. 46 | | Cæsar vs. Followers of Pompey | The battle of Thapsus was the death-knell of the Pompeian cause. |
| | Thermopylæ (ther-mop´i-lē), Greece, B. C. 480 | | Persians vs. Spartans and Thespians | Leonidas, with 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians, defended the pass to the last man against overwhelming forces. |
| | Tiberias (tī-bē´ri-ȧs), Palestine, 1187 | | Saracens vs. Crusaders | Followed by the conquest of Jerusalem by Saladin, which led to the third crusade. |
| | Ticinus (ti-sī´nus), Italy, B. C. 218 | | Carthaginians vs. Romans | Hannibal’s success brought in numerous adhesions from Gallic tribes; followed by the battle on the Trebia. |
| | Ticonderoga (tī-kon-de-rō´gȧ), New York,U. S. A., July 8, 1758 | | French vs. British and Americans | British and Americans displayed in vain prodigies of valor in the rush on Montcalm’s almost impregnableposition. |
| | Tigranocerta (tig-rā-no-cer´tä), Armenia, October 6,B. C. 69 | | Romans vs. Armenians | Lucullus cut to pieces the huge army of Tigranes and secured immense booty. |
| | Tinchebrai (tansh-brā), France, 1106 | | English vs. Normans | Henry I. defeated and captured his brother Robert and annexed Normandy to the crown of England. |
| | Tolbiac (tol-bī´ak), Germany, 496 | | Franks vs. Alemanni | Clovis wins lands of the Alemanni; he and his followers become Roman Christians in fulfillment of a vow taken on thebattlefield. |
| | Torgau (tôr´gou), Saxony, November 3, 1760 | | Prussians vs. Austrians | The last pitched battle of the Seven Years’ war, in which the Austrians are said to have lost 20,000 men. |
| | Torres Vedras (tor´resh vā´dräsh), Lines of, Portugal, October 12, 1810 to March 5, 1811 | | British and Portuguese vs. French | Wellington’s defense permanently arrested Napoleon’s march of conquest and was thus the turning point ofthe Peninsular campaign. |
| | Toulon (tŏŏ-lôn´), Siege of, France, Sept.18 to Dec. 17, 1793 | | French vs. Garrison of British, Spaniards, Italians and French Royalists | This siege is memorable as the first important appearance of Napoleon, who commanded the artillery. |
| | Tours (tör), France, 732 | | Franks vs. Saracens | Here Charles Martel saved western Christendom from the Moslem invader. |
| | Towton (tou´ton), England, March 28 and 29, 1461 | | Yorkists vs. Lancastrians | This battle, the most obstinate and bloody of the war, secured Edward IV. in his possession of the crown. |
| † | Trafalgar (traf-al-gär), Spain, October 21, 1805 | | British vs. French | Nelson’s last and greatest victory destroyed all possibility of Napoleon’s invading England. |
| | Trebia (trē´bi-ä), Italy, December, B. C. 218 | | Carthaginians vs. Romans | By this splendid victory Hannibal justified his march into Italy; the way into Etruria was now open to him. |
| | Tunis (tū´nis), Siege of, North Africa, 1270 | | Moslems vs. French Crusaders | This crusade, in which Louis IX. lost his life, was the last. |
| | Turin (tū´rin), Italy, September 7, 1706 | | Prince Eugene vs. French | The French were permanently excluded from Italy. |
| | Tyre (tīr), Siege of, Phœnicia, January to August, B. C. 332 | | Macedonians vs. Tyrians | The greatest of Alexander’s triumphs; Alexandria in Egypt takes the place of Tyre as a commercialmetropolis. |
| † | Ushant (ush´ant), North Atlantic, June 1, 1794 | | British vs. French | A brilliant victory won by Lord Howe. |
| | Valmy[710] (vȧl-mē´), France, September 2, 1792 | | French vs. Prussians | Goethe said that from Valmy dates a new era. It showed that revolutionary France would and could resist Europe. |
| | Varna (vär´nä), Bulgaria, November 10, 1444 | | Turks vs. Hungarians | King Ladislas lost his life and his army was scattered to the winds. |
| | Vercellae (ver-sel´ē), Italy, July 30, B. C. 101 | | Romans vs. Cimbri | Marius and Catulus utterly destroyed the vast barbarian horde which had been threatening Italy with invasion. |
| | Verdun (ver-dun´), Siege of, France, from February, 1916,on | * | Germans vs. French | The powerful attacks of the Germans for almost a year against the fortress of Verdun were without success. |
| | Vicksburg, Siege of, Mississippi, U. S. A., May 19 to July 4, 1863 | | Federals vs. Confederates | Grant’s success at Vicksburg, together with the battle of Gettysburg, were the turning points of the war. |
| | Vienna (vē-en´ȧ), Siege of, Austria, July 14 toSeptember 12, 1683 | | Austrians vs. Turks | The besieged were reduced to the last extremity when Sobieski intervened and put the invading Turks to flight. |
| † | Vigo (vē´gō) Bay, Spain, October 12, 1702 | | English and Dutch vs. French and Spaniards | The destruction of the Spanish galleons and the protecting French fleet gave a blow to the finances and prestige ofthe two crowns. |
| | Vimiero (vē-mā´rō), Spain, August 21, 1813 | | British vs. French | Wellesley inflicted a signal defeat on the French, but his senior officer made no use of the victory. |
| | Vittoria (vē-tō´rē-ä), Spain, June 21,1813 | | British vs. French | This, the crowning victory of Wellington’s peninsular campaign, won Spain from Napoleon. |
| | Wagram (vā´gräm), Austria, July 6, 1809 | | French vs. Austrians | One of the most terrible and least decisive battles of all time. |
| | Wakefield, England, December 30, 1460 | | Lancastrians vs. Yorkists | Queen Margaret’s army completely defeated that of the duke of York, who was slain on the battlefield. |
| | Wandewash (wän-de-wäsh´), India, January 22, 1760 | | British vs. French | Coote’s victory was the death-blow to French power in India. |
| | Warsaw (wôr´sô), Siege of, Poland, August 19to September 7, 1831 | | Russians vs. Poles | The fall of Warsaw ends the Polish insurrection and Poland becomes a province of the Russian empire. |
| | Waterloo (wô-ter-lŏŏ´), Belgium, June 18,1815 | | British and Prussians vs. French | The final overthrow of Napoleon by Wellington and Blücher. Napoleon was transported to St. Helena, where hedied in 1821. |
| | Wavre (vä´vr), Belgium, June 18, 1815 | | French vs. Prussians | Grouchy’s victory was useless, while he might have saved the day for Napoleon had he arrived at Waterloo whenexpected. |
| | Wei-hai-wei (wā´hī´wā), China, January 30 to February 12, 1894 | | Japanese vs. Chinese | The Chinese admiral gave up the remnant of his fleet and killed himself; followed by negotiations for peace. |
| | Worcester (wŏŏs´ter), England, September 3, 1651 | | Cromwellians vs. Scottish Royalists | Followed by the submission of Scotland and Charles II.’s adventurous escape to France. |
| | Wörth (virt), Bavaria, August 6, 1870 | | Prussians vs. French | A bloody contest and a decisive victory, followed by the retreat of the French. |
| | Xeres (hā-rās´), Spain, July 19, 711 | | Moors vs. Visigoths | Without having to fight any second battle, the Moors under Tarik mastered Spain. |
| | Yalu (yā´lōō) River, Manchuria, September17, 1894 | | Japanese vs. Chinese | This action conferred upon the Japanese the full command of the sea and greatly aided the land power. |
| | Yorktown, Siege of, Virginia, U. S. A., Sept. 30 to Oct. 19, 1781 | | Americans vs. British | The surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown practically brought to an end the war of the American Revolution. |
| | Ypres (ē´pr), Belgium, October 21-31, 1914 and November10-12, 1914 | | Allies vs. Germans | A series of the most desperate struggles of the war. The German attempt to break through to Calais, France,failed. |
| | Zama (zä´mä), North Africa, B. C. 202 | | Romans vs. Carthaginians | Scipio defeated Hannibal and annihilated his army, thus ending the second Punic war. |
| | Zorndorf (tsôrn´dorf), Prussia, Aug. 25, 1758 | | Prussians vs. Russians | A desperate and bloody struggle, after which the Russians retired into Poland. |
| | Zurawno (tsu-raw´no), Siege of, Austria, 1676 | | Poles vs. Turks | John Sobieski made an heroic defense against numbers and won an honorable peace. |