Index, or Pointer [☞] is used to direct particular attention to a note or paragraph. It is sometimes called a fist.
Asterism [⁂ or ⁂], or cluster of stars, is used as a sign to direct attention to a passage, or paragraph, especially when such attention is deemed very important.
RHETORICAL FIGURES OF SPEECH
Figures of speech, or tropes, are used to make language more effective by adding special strength and beauty. They are words used in meanings not their own designed to secure a peculiarly happy effect. Thus when the poet writes:
“But yonder comes the powerful king of day,
Rejoicing in the East..........”
he uses “king of day” for “sun”; and no one can fail to notice the pleasureable effect produced.
Chief Rhetorical Figures of Speech
 | ||
| Resemblance. | Contiguity. | Contrast or Surprise. |
|---|---|---|
| a. Comparison or Simile. | a. Autonomasia— Individual for class. | a. Antithesis and Epigram. |
| b. Metaphor— | b. Hyperbole. | |
| 1. Identification of like quali- ties. | b. Synecdoche— Part for whole. | |
| c. Irony and Euphemism. | ||
| 2. Identification of like things. | c. Metonymy— Cause for effect, badge for class, etc. | |
| Arrangement. | ||
| a. Climax. | ||
| c. Personification. | b. Anti-climax. | |
| d. Allegory. | c. Emphasis, or Inversion. | |
But the new word images introduced must really be suited to add strength or beauty. Notice the contrast between these two descriptions of morning:
The saffron morn, with early blushes spread,
Now rose refulgent from Tithonus’ bed,
With new-born day to gladden mortal sight,
And gild the courts of heaven with sacred light.
—Pope’s Homer.