Ulcerous growths, birth-marks, and scars are beneficially treated, but so far the selective action of radium on tissue has not been determined, nor its bactericidal effect. Its results in the treatment of cancer have not yet reached a definite stage, though it has been widely heralded as a specific for that dreadful malady.
The application of the rays is by various methods: inhalation of the emanation; external application or injection of the emanation condensed on glycerine, vaseline, oil, water, etc.; or the taking of quinine, arsenic, bismuth, etc., on which the emanation has been condensed. Injections of very dilute solutions of radium salts, or insoluble salts suspended in water, are made. But external applications of the rays are considered most important; copper plates or linen are coated with varnish containing the salts, or glass tubes contain them, and the radiations are directly applied, the surrounding parts being protected with lead foil.
GAS METER INDICATOR DIALS.
HOW TO READ A GAS METER
The dial marked “1 thousand” in the accompanying [illustration] is divided into hundreds; the dial marked “10 thousand” is divided into thousands; that marked “100 thousand” into ten-thousands, and that marked “1 million” into hundred-thousands. When 1,000 cubic feet of gas have been consumed, the pointer on the dial marked “1 thousand” will have made a complete rotation and the fact will be indicated by the pointer of the next dial at the left, which will point to the figure 1. When 10,000 cubic feet of gas have been consumed, the pointer on the “10 thousand” dial will point to 1, and so on. In reading a gas meter, put down the hundreds first, then the thousands, and so on, always counting the figure just under, or which has just been passed by, the pointer. In the illustration about half a hundred is indicated on the “1 thousand” dial, three thousands is indicated on the next dial, two ten-thousands on the next dial, and one one-hundred-thousand on the “1 million” dial. The reading will be 123,050. The dial marked “ten feet” is called the units dial. It is used for testing the meter to discover whether it is in working order or not. Each mark represents a cubic foot and the complete circle 10 cubic feet. If the pointer moves when no gas is burning, it indicates a leak. If it does not move when the gas is burning, or if its motion is unsteady, it indicates a derangement in the mechanism and shows that the meter requires attention.
OUTLINE COURSE OF ELEMENTARY SCIENCE FOR THE GRADES
| Grades | LIFE | STRUCTURE | Grades | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZOOLOGY | BOTANY | MINERALOGY | GEOLOGY | PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY | ASTRONOMY, METEOROLOGY | ||
| I. II. III. | Observe— 1. Birds; migration, nesting, feeding. 2. Insects; butterflies, moths, earth-worms. 3. Uses of birds andinsects. | Observe— 1. Flowers; color, form, parts. 2. Fruits; color, form, etc. 3. Leaves; shape, color, veining. 4. Stems; form, position, bark, structure. 5. Conditions of growth, habits,etc. | Observe 1. Pebbles and rocks; color, shape, hardness. 2. Kinds of rock; quartzose, calcites. 3. Uses; for soil making andbuilding. | Rain; its effects— 1. On the surface; slopes, ponds, in valleys,streams. 2. Below the surface; springs, caverns, etc. RiverBasins— 1. Boundary, uses, etc. 2. Alluvial deposits. | Observe qualities; elastic, porous, etc. 1. Forms of water; theiruses. 2. Atmosphere; weight, composition.3. Magnetism; electricity. 4. Solutions. 5. Gases; hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbonic acid gas. | Observe— 1. Sun, moon, constellations. 2. Wind, clouds, rain, snow, frost, dew. 3. Their causes. 4. Effects. | I. II. III. |
| IV. | By observing the form and structure, determine some 1. Orders ofmammals. 2. Orders of birds. 3. Orders of insects. 4. Orders of reptiles. Uses of animals. | Observe characteristics of— 1. Exogens and Endogens. 2. Kinds of trees, fruits, vegetables, grasses and grains. 3. Effects ofcultivation. | 1. Sandstone 2. Argillaceousrocks. 3. Formation of rocks. a. Sedimentary; sandstone, limestone, etc. b.Igneous; granite, etc. | 1. Ocean; effects of waves, tides, currents. 2. Glaciers; moraines: formation, effects. 3. Volcanoes; geysers;earthquakes. 4. Gradual elevation and depression of the earth’s crust. | 1. Heat; sources: sun, fuel, friction. 2.Transmission; conduction, radiation, convection. 3. Uses: warming, cooking, smelting. 4. Physical and chemical changes observed. 5. Carbon; forms; uses. | Climate; causes: 1. Winds, direction of sun’s rays. 2. Surface; mountains, vegetation. 3. Bodies of water; rivers, oceancurrents. Twilight; duration. | IV. |
| V. | Characteristics, habits and uses of— 1. Fishes. 2. Oysters, crabs, starfishes. 3. Coral animals. | Observe characteristics— 1. Plants of the rose, pine, pulse,violet, pink, mustard, composite, lily, grass and fern families. | Formation and uses— 1. Coal. 2. Mineral oils. 3. Natural gas. 4.Iron; ores. | Continent building— 1. Mountains, plains, coast lines. 2. Agencies; a. Vegetable; peat-bogs, swamps. b. Animal; coral formation, shelldeposits. c. Chemical springs, geysers, caverns, deposits in lakes and seas. | 1. Light— a. Sources; uses. b. Transmission,reflection, refraction. c. Lenses, glasses. 2. Fermentation of fruit juices; yeast. | 1. Prevailing winds. 2. U. S. weathermaps. 3. Climate of the United States. | V. |
| VI. | Characteristics of Animals of the— 1. Temperate climate. 2. Tropical climate. 3. Polar climate. Uses made of them. | Peculiarities, habits, uses— 1. Palm, banana, pineapple and orchidfamilies. 2. Mosses; lichens. | 1. Minerals and mines of the United States. 2. Gold and silver. 3. Copper. | 1. Appalachian and Rocky mountains. 2.River basins and great lakes of the United States. | 1. Magnetism; uses: compass, electro-magnets. 2. Electricity; sources and uses. 3. The levers; scales. 4. Equilibrium of bodies. 5. Chlorine. | North and South America— 1. Winds; trades, polar,variable. 2. Wind zones. 3. Weather maps. | VI. |
| VII. | Animals of the different zones of the Old World compared with those of the United States. Distribution and migration; cause; limits. | 1. Zones of vegetation. 2. Limits ofmigration. 3. Vegetable products of commerce. | Mines and minerals of other countries. | Continent structure— 1. South America. 2. Eurasia. 3. Australia. 4.Africa. | Pendulum; inertia, motion. Forces: gravitation, cohesion, chemicalattraction. Capillary attraction; osmose pressure and flow of liquids. Testing air and water forimpurities. | Trades and Monsoons. 1. Deserts; Sahara, Arabia, etc. 2. Heavy rains of India. | VII. |
| VIII. | Relation of animal life to vegetation and civilization. Checks on animallife. | 1. Culture of fruits, vegetables, fibers, grains. 2. Commercial value; benefits to man. | Minerals. 1. Constituents. 2.Commercial value and uses in the arts, etc. | The earth; form, crust— 1. Rock strata; fossils. 2. Geological ages. | Sound; propagation, reflection, vibration, music. Examination ofsoils. | The Solar system. The moon. Thesun; fixed stars. The tides; ocean currents. | VIII. |
| Grades | LIFE | STRUCTURE | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZOOLOGY | BOTANY | MINERALOGY | GEOLOGY | PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY | ASTRONOMY, METEOROLOGY | |
| I. II. III. | Observe— 1. Birds; migration, nesting, feeding. 2. Insects; butterflies, moths, earth-worms. 3. Uses of birds andinsects. | Observe— 1. Flowers; color, form, parts. 2. Fruits; color, form, etc. 3. Leaves; shape, color, veining. 4. Stems; form, position, bark, structure. 5. Conditions of growth, habits,etc. | Observe 1. Pebbles and rocks; color, shape, hardness. 2. Kinds of rock; quartzose, calcites. 3. Uses; for soil making andbuilding. | Rain; its effects— 1. On the surface; slopes, ponds, in valleys,streams. 2. Below the surface; springs, caverns, etc. RiverBasins— 1. Boundary, uses, etc. 2. Alluvial deposits. | Observe qualities; elastic, porous, etc. 1. Forms of water; theiruses. 2. Atmosphere; weight, composition.3. Magnetism; electricity. 4. Solutions. 5. Gases; hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbonic acid gas. | Observe— 1. Sun, moon, constellations. 2. Wind, clouds, rain, snow, frost, dew. 3. Their causes. 4. Effects. |
| IV. | By observing the form and structure, determine some 1. Orders ofmammals. 2. Orders of birds. 3. Orders of insects. 4. Orders of reptiles. Uses of animals. | Observe characteristics of— 1. Exogens and Endogens. 2. Kinds of trees, fruits, vegetables, grasses and grains. 3. Effects ofcultivation. | 1. Sandstone 2. Argillaceousrocks. 3. Formation of rocks. a. Sedimentary; sandstone, limestone, etc. b.Igneous; granite, etc. | 1. Ocean; effects of waves, tides, currents. 2. Glaciers; moraines: formation, effects. 3. Volcanoes; geysers;earthquakes. 4. Gradual elevation and depression of the earth’s crust. | 1. Heat; sources: sun, fuel, friction. 2.Transmission; conduction, radiation, convection. 3. Uses: warming, cooking, smelting. 4. Physical and chemical changes observed. 5. Carbon; forms; uses. | Climate; causes: 1. Winds, direction of sun’s rays. 2. Surface; mountains, vegetation. 3. Bodies of water; rivers, oceancurrents. Twilight; duration. |
| V. | Characteristics, habits and uses of— 1. Fishes 2. Oysters, crabs, starfishes. 3. Coral animals. | Observe characteristics— 1. Plants of the rose, pine, pulse,violet, pink, mustard, composite, lily, grass and fern families. | Formation and uses— 1. Coal. 2. Mineral oils. 3. Natural gas. 4.Iron; ores. | Continent building— 1. Mountains, plains, coast lines. 2. Agencies; a. Vegetable; peat-bogs, swamps. b. Animal; coral formation, shelldeposits. c. Chemical springs, geysers, caverns, deposits in lakes and seas. | 1. Light— a. Sources; uses. b. Transmission,reflection, refraction. c. Lenses, glasses. 2. Fermentation of fruit juices; yeast. | 1. Prevailing winds. 2. U. S. weathermaps. 3. Climate of the United States. |
| VI. | Characteristics of Animals of the— 1. Temperate climate. 2. Tropical climate. 3. Polar climate. Uses made of them. | Peculiarities, habits, uses— 1. Palm, banana, pineapple and orchidfamilies. 2. Mosses; lichens. | 1. Minerals and mines of the United States. 2. Gold and silver. 3. Copper. | 1. Appalachian and Rocky mountains. 2.River basins and great lakes of the United States. | 1. Magnetism; uses: compass, electro-magnets. 2. Electricity; sources and uses. 3. The levers; scales. 4. Equilibrium of bodies. 5. Chlorine. | North and South America— 1. Winds; trades, polar,variable. 2. Wind zones. 3. Weather maps. |
| VII. | Animals of the different zones of the Old World compared with those of the United States. Distribution and migration; cause; limits. | 1. Zones of vegetation. 2. Limits ofmigration. 3. Vegetable products of commerce. | Mines and minerals of other countries. | Continent structure— 1. South America. 2. Eurasia. 3. Australia. 4.Africa. | Pendulum; inertia, motion. Forces: gravitation, cohesion, chemicalattraction. Capillary attraction; osmose pressure and flow of liquids. Testing air and water forimpurities. | Trades and Monsoons. 1. Deserts; Sahara, Arabia, etc. 2. Heavy rains of India. |
| VIII. | Relation of animal life to vegetation and civilization. Checks on animallife. | 1. Culture of fruits, vegetables, fibers, grains. 2. Commercial value; benefits to man. | Minerals. 1. Constituents. 2.Commercial value and uses in the arts, etc. | The earth; form, crust— 1. Rock strata; fossils. 2. Geological ages. | Sound; propagation, reflection, vibration, music. Examination ofsoils. | The Solar system. The moon. Thesun; fixed stars. The tides; ocean currents. |