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- Heraclius, Byzantine emperor (reigned 610-641).
- Abu-Bekr, first caliph of Mecca (571?-635).
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- Haroun al-Rashid, caliph of Bagdad (reigned 786-809).
- CHARLEMAGNE, or Charles I., emperor of the West and king of France (742-814).
- Pepin, Le Bref (the Short), king of the Franks (714?-768).
- Charles Martel, duke of Austrasia (694-741).